Thermal Energy- Convection

​Thermal Energy

​By: Feri Vahabi

​Do you see the water bubbling in this pot? The water is boiling hot. How does all of the water in the pot get hot when it is heated only from the bottom by the gas flame? The answer is convection.

Multiple Choice

How does all of the water in the pot get hot when it is heated only from the bottom by the gas flame?

• Thorough Conduction

• Thorough convention

• Thorough Radiation

• Thorough Transfer

​Defining Convection

Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by particles moving through a fluid (either a gas or a liquid). Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter, and the transfer of thermal energy is called heat. Convection is one of three ways that thermal energy can be transferred (the other ways are conduction and thermal radiation). Thermal energy is always transferred from matter with a higher temperature to matter with a lower temperature.

Multiple Choice

Thermal energy is always transferred from matter with a ...................... temperature to matter with a .............. temperature.

• higher, lower

• lower, higher

• lower, lower

• higher, higher

Multiple Choice

Thermal energy is the total .............. energy of moving particles of matter.

• heat

• sound

• kinetic

• potential

Multiple Choice

Butter melting on a frying pan is an example of ..................

• convection

• conduction

• radiation

• magnetism

Multiple Choice

The cold air that blows from the air conditioner circulates around the room and creates .................... currents.

• convection

• conduction

• radiation

• electrical

Multiple Choice

How does the heat from the sun warm the earth?

• Through conduction

• Through convection

• Through radiation

• Through electrical currents

Multiple Choice

......................... is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.

• Magnetism

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

​How Does Convection Occur?

The Figure shows how convection occurs, using hot water in a pot as an example. When particles in one area of a fluid (in this case, the water at the bottom of the pot) gain thermal energy, they move more quickly, have more collisions, and spread farther apart. This decreases the density of the particles, so they rise up through the fluid.

Multiple Choice

What happens when particles in one area of a fluid gain thermal energy?

• They move more quickly

• They have more collisions

• They spread farther apart

• All of the above

​As they rise, they transfer their thermal energy to other particles of the fluid and cool off in the process. With less energy, the particles move more slowly, have fewer collisions, and move closer together. This increases their density, so they sink back down through the fluid. When they reach the bottom of the fluid, the cycle repeats. The result is a loop of moving particles called a convection current. 

​Examples of Convection

Convection currents transfer thermal energy through many fluids, not just hot water in a pot. For example, convection currents transfer thermal energy through molten rock below Earth’s surface, through water in the oceans, and through air in the atmosphere. Convection currents in the atmosphere create winds.

Multiple Choice

Which one is NOT a convection example?

• transfer thermal energy through molten rock below Earth’s surface

• transfer thermal energy through water in the oceans

• transfer thermal energy through air in the atmosphere

• transfer thermal energy through direct contact

​You can see one way this happens in the Figure 3. The land heats up and cools off faster than the water because it has lower specific heat. Therefore, the land gets warmer during the day and cooler at night than the water does. During the day, warm air rises above the land and cool air from the water moves in to take its place. During the night, the opposite happens. Warm air rises above the water and cool air from the land moves out to take its place.  

Multiple Choice

1. Why does land heat up and cool off faster than water?

• Because land has lower specific heat.

• Because water has higher specific heat.

• Because land has higher specific heat.

• Because water has lower specific heat.

Multiple Choice

1. What happens to warm air during the day above the land?

• It descends towards the land.

• It rises above the land.

• It remains stationary.

• It moves horizontally towards the water.

Multiple Choice

1. What occurs to cool air during the night above the water?

• It descends towards the water.

• It rises above the water.

• It remains stationary.

• It moves horizontally towards the land.

During the day, in which direction is thermal energy of the air transferred? In which direction is it transferred during the night?

During the day, thermal energy is transferred from the air over the land to the air over the water. During the night, thermal energy is transferred in the opposite direction.