G7 - Revision

​Grade 7
Revision

Petroleum

• Petroleum is fuel.

• Petroleum is often referred to as the 'black gold'.

• The word Petroleum came from the Greek word petra which means rock and the Latin word oleum which means oil.

petroleum hydrocarbons comes from the remains of tiny animals and plants that lived millions of years ago .

​Petroleum is non-Renewable energy
Petroleum is an oily, thick, flammable, usually dark-colored liquid

History of Petroleum

• Crude oil has been known since ancient times and was chiefly used as a liniment or medicine, not as a fuel. 

• People have burned oil since ancient times. They did not dig for it. They gathered oil that seeped from under the ground into ponds and floated on the water.

The Petroleum industry

• The Petroleum industry is first encountered in the archaeological record near Hit in what is now Iraq.

• Hit is on the banks of the Euphrates river and is the site of an oil seep known locally as the Fountains of Pitch. There, asphalt was quarried for use as mortar between building stones as early as 6000 years ago. Asphalt was also used as a waterproofing agent for baths, pottery and boats.

  
  
  

Petroleum in the World

• In 325 B.C., Alexander the Great used flaming torches of petroleum products to scare his enemies.

• In the 10th century, the Arab chemists distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes.

• Through Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus), crude oil distillation became available in Western Europe.

• The demand for Petroleum in the world market grew slowly, but started to take off in the 1800s. Whale oil was replaced by kerosene lamps starting around 1860 A.D.

  
  
  
  

Multiple Choice

• Crude oil has been known since ancient times

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

• People have burned oil since ancient times. They did not dig for it.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

• Asphalt was used as a waterproofing agent for baths, pottery and boats.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

• In the 10th century, the Arab chemists distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

• The demand for Petroleum in the world market grew slowly, but started to take off in the 1800s.

• True

• False

Oil Reservoirs

• Petroleum is found in underground pockets called reservoirs.

• Deep beneath the Earth, the pressure is extremely high. Petroleum slowly seeps out toward the surface, where there is lower pressure. It continues this movement from high to low pressure until it encounters a layer of rock that it cannot soak through.

• The petroleum then collects in reservoirs, which can be several hundred yards below Earth's surface.

Oil Extraction

• To pump out the oil, wells are drilled into the porous rocks.

• Oil rigs are used to reach this oil. After the oil is drilled, it is sent to refineries.

• Crude oil is frequently found in reservoirs along with natural gas. The process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called refining. At the refineries, it is cleaned and made into different fuels. 

Multiple Choice

• Deep beneath the Earth, the pressure is extremely low.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

• Crude oil is frequently found in reservoirs along with natural gas.

• True

• False

Uses of Crude oil

• When we think of oil, we tend to think of fuel for our cars, trucks and planes.

• Various uses of crude oil affect our lives.

• Crude oil is the base for lots of product. Those may include transportation fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

Gasoline is used to fuel cars, motorcycles, light trucks, small planes, boats, off-road vehicles, snowmobiles, chainsaws, and camp stoves

​​Gasoline

Diesel fuel is used for some cars, most trucks and buses, railway locomotives, farm tractors, many boats, and ships and large electric generators

​​ Diesel fuel

Multiple Choice

• when we think of oil, we tend to think of fuel for our cars, trucks and planes.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

• various uses of crude oil affect our lives.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

• Crude oil is the base for lots of product.

• True

• False

The Arab Battles

• Since the time of Prophet Muhammad PBUH, the last prophet in Islam, many Muslim states and empires have been involved in battles.

• Many empires lost their lands and were defeated in many of the wars that were notable throughout the Islamic history.

The Battle of Yarmouk

• After a devastating blow to the Sassanid Persians at Firaz, Muslim Arab forces under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid took on the army of the Christian Byzantine Empire at Yarmouk near the border of modern-day Syria and Jordan. The Battle of Yarmouk, which began on August 20, 636, was to continue for six days.

• Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, the victor of Nineveh, allied himself with the Sassanids, the two empires seeking to pool their depleted resources to stop the Arab advance.

When the two armies met, it was Heraclius’s intention to exercise caution and wear the Muslims down by a series of small engagements. But the Sassanids never arrived and, after six days’ attritional fighting, Khalid drew the Byzantines into a large-scale pitched battle. This ended with the Byzantines retreating in disarray, charged by the Arabs with a sand-laden wind behind them. Flanked on three sides, many of the fleeing Byzantine troops fell to their deaths over a narrow ravine.


Losses: Byzantine , 40,000 _ Arab, 5,000.



Yarmouk was Khalid’s greatest victory and ended Byzantine rule in Syria. It marked the first great wave of early Muslim conquests after the death of Prophet Muhammad PBUH, heralding the rapid advance of Islam into then-Christian Levant.

Multiple Choice

Since the time of Prophet Muhammad PBUH, many Muslim states and empires have been involved in battles.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The Battle of Yarmouk, which began on August 20, 636, was to continue for six days.

• True

• False

The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah

• The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah took place in the year 636 A.D.

• The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah was a decisive battle between the Arab Muslim army commanded by the Caliph Omar and the army of the Sassanid Empire during the first period of Muslim conquests.

• The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah opened the doors of Iraq, Khurasan and Turkestan to the Muslims during the golden days of Islam.

The Battle of Nahāvand

• The Battle of Nahāvand was fought in 642 A.D. between Arab Muslims and Sassanid armies in the city of Hamadan in Iran.

• The Battle of Nahāvand is known to Muslims as the 'Victory of Victories'. The Sassanid armies were smashed completely in the battle, where the Muslims won a clear victory, after which the Sassanid Empire no longer had any power.

Multiple Choice

• The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah took place in the year 636 A.D.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The Battle of Nahāvand was fought in 642 A.D.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah opened the doors of Iraq, Khurasan and Turkestan to the Muslims during the golden days of Islam.

• True

• False