Respiratory Review

The Respiratory System

•Respiratory system: the system which
delivers oxygen to the body and
removes CO2 from the body


Oxygen is delivered to cells
and used in CELLULAR
RESPIRATION to make ATP.

Carbon dioxide is given off
by cells as a product of
CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Multiple Choice

During a family dinner, when you swallow a bite of your meal, the ____ closes the opening to the larynx to prevent food from entering the wrong pipe.

• glottis

• Eustachian tube

• thyroid cartilage

• epiglottis

•The nose is divided by the nasal septum
into 2 nostrils.

•The nasal cavity is posterior to the nose
and is lined with mucosa lining,
which warms the incoming air and traps
foreign objects.

•Ciliated cells in the nasal mucosa
propel trapped debris towards the throat
for digestion.

Paranasal Sinuses - spaces within
the bones

• reduce the weight of skull
  
  resonant chambers for voice.
  
  produce mucous

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

• A Block the nasopharynx with swallowing

• Humidify incoming air

• Provide opening to eustachian tubes

• Lighten the weight of the skull

Multiple Choice

What is the function of sinuses?

• Cover the glottis with swallowing

• Enhance voice resonance

• Block the nasal cavity during swallowing

• Passage of food and air

Pharynx – behind the oral cavity, between the
nasal cavity and larynx (space, not a structure).

Shared by digestive system and respiratory system.

nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

oropharynx

Larynx – enlargement at
the top of the trachea,
houses vocal cords

Diverts food and air to the proper pathway

Produces sound (vocal cords)

•The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage
that protects the superior opening of the
larynx.

•During breathing, the epiglottis allows air
to pass into the lower respiratory tract.

•While eating, the epiglottis tips to cover the
larynx directing food through the
esophagus rather than into the lungs.

Multiple Choice

flap of tissue covering the trachea when water or food is swallowed

• pharynx

• epiglottis

• esophagus

• vocal cords

Multiple Choice

Which structure provides a function of phonation? A

• Bronchiole

• Larynx

• pharynx

• Trachea

Multiple Choice

If a patient is reported as having food lodged in their windpipe, which structure is involved?

• Trachea

• Larynx

• Pharynx

• Bronchi

•Trachea= “wind pipe”

•The trachea is a rigid tube about 5
inches long surrounded by
horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous
rings that open posteriorly.

•These rings prevent the trachea
from collapsing.

The trachea divides into two
bronchi.
The bronchi branch into bronioles.

•Just behind the heart, the
trachea divides into 2
bronchi (singular:
bronchus)

•The bronchi branch into
bronchioles, which are
smaller tubes.

Multiple Choice

Which structure supplies air to each lobe of the lung?

• Larynx

• Primary bronchus

• Secondary bronchus

• Trachea

•Smaller and smaller tubes continue to branch off the
bronchioles until they reach tiny air sacs called alveoli.

•Alveoli are clustered in grape-like bunches of tiny
bubbles.

•Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries.

•The lungs are
covered with a thin
membrane called
the pleura.

•The pleural space
contains pleural
fluid, which reduces
friction between
the lungs and the
rest of the thoracic
cavity.

•The trachea leads to the
bronchi, then bronchioles, and
finally to the lungs. The lungs
are made of alveoli closely
attached to capillaries, which
make up the respiratoryzone.

Pulmonary ventilation

→

Expiration: exhalation
or breathing out: air
moves out of the lungs
into the atmosphere

Mechanism of Breathing

•Inspiration: breathing in

•The diaphragm
contracts, flattening and
pushing down. The rib
muscles contract,
moving the ribs up and
out.

Mechanism of Breathing

•The volume of the lungs
increases

•There is low pressure
within the lungs

•Air is forced into the
lungs (to low pressure)

Mechanism of Breathing

•Expiration: breathing out

•The diaphragm relaxes,
pushing up. The rib
muscles relax, moving
the ribs down and
inward.

Mechanism of Breathing

•The volume of the lungs
decreases

•There is high pressure
within the lungs

•Air is forced out of the
lungs (to low pressure)

Multiple Choice

Air moves from High to Low Atmospheric Pressure?

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

When air pressure inside the lungs is less than air pressure in the atmosphere...

• Air moves into the lungs
• Air moves out of the lungs

Multiple Choice

During exhalation the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases because the intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, forcing air

• Into the stomach

• To the heart

• Out of the body

• Into the lungs

Multiple Choice

During the process of normal exhalation —

• intercostals contract

• intrapulmonary pressure decreases

• air moves into alveoli

• lung volume decreases

Multiple Choice

During the process of inspiration, volume in the lungs _____________ causing pressure in the lungs to _____________.

• increases, increases

• increases, decreases

• decreases, decreases

• decreases, increases

•External respiration occurs when gases are
exchanged between the pulmonary blood
vessels and the alveoli.
•This process is preceded by ventilation, also known
as breathing.

•Internal respiration occurs when the blood
exchanges gases with the body tissues.

•External respiration occurs in the lungs while
internal respiration occurs throughout the
body.

External respiration

•2. External respiration

→

Happens in the lungs

External respiration

→ O2 diffuses out from the

lungs into the blood

O2

External respiration

→ CO2 diffuses into the

lungs from the blood

CO2
O2

Multiple Choice

External respiration is defined as —

• inhaling air during normal breathing

• exchange of gas in the lungs

• diffusion of gas in skeletal muscles

• transport of oxygen in the blood

Transport of O2 and CO2

•3. Transport of O2 and CO2

→

The cardiovascular system
transports gases using blood

Transport of O2 and CO2

→ O2 is transported from the lungs to the

tissue cells of the body

Transport of O2 and CO2

→ CO2 is transported from the tissue cells

of the body to the lungs

Internal Respiration

•4. Internal respiration

→

Happens at the tissue cells

Internal Respiration

→ O2 diffuses out from the

blood into the tissue cells

Internal Respiration

→ CO2 diffuses into the blood

from the tissue cells

Multiple Choice

What happens during external respiration?

• Oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood; carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs from the blood

• Oxygen diffuses into the lungs into the blood; carbon dioxide diffuses out of the lungs from the blood

• Oxygen diffuses out from the tissues into the blood; Carbon dioxide diffuses into the tissues from the blood

• Oxygen diffuses into the tissues into the blood; Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissues from the blood

Multiple Choice

Which is the correct definition for internal respiration?

• Getting air into and out of the lungs

• Gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood

• Exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries and body cells

• Metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose

Multiple Choice

Gas exchange in the working tissues of the leg is known as —

• A external respiration

• internal respiration

• pulmonary ventilation

• respiratory gas transport

• Tidal volume= the amount of air that is exchanged by the lungs at rest

• Inspiratory reserve volume= the additional amount of air that can be

inhaled consciously

• Expiratory reserve volume= the additional amount of air that can be

exhaled consciously

• Residual volume= the amount of air remaining in lungs after a forced

exhalation

• Vital capacity= amount of air someone can consciously exchange with

the environment (inhaling and exhaling)

• Total lung capacity= vital capacity + residual volume (about 6 liters for

adult men, 10% less for adult females)

Multiple Choice

You’re determined to blow out all the birthday candles on your cake this year.  Which lung volume would be most applicable for this action?

• inspiratory reserve volume    

• expiratory reserve volume

• tidal volume

• residual volume

Multiple Choice

A patient at rest is breathing normally. Which type of volume describes the air moving in and out of the lungs?

• Expiratory reserve

• Inspiratory reserve

• Residual

• Tidal

Regulation of Breathing

•As cell activity decreases, less
CO2 is produced and carried in
the blood

•The brain stem senses this
decrease and stimulates the
diaphragm to decrease
breathing rate

Regulation of Breathing

•Rate of breathing is controlled by the
brain and brain stem

•The brain stem monitors the
concentration of CO2in the blood

Regulation of Breathing

•Greater activity of cells = more oxygen
needed 🡪 faster you need to breathe

Regulation of Breathing

•Slower activity of cells = less oxygen
needed 🡪 slower you need to breathe

Multiple Choice

The more activity your cells have…

• The less oxygen you need and the slower you need to breathe.

• The less oxygen you need and the faster you need to breathe.

• The more oxygen you need and the faster you need to breathe

• The more oxygen you need and the slower you need to breathe