WATER

Sources of Water

Group 4


What Is Water?

Water is a substance composed of the
elements hydrogen and oxygen. It is a

colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid

which is essential for life on Earth.

Atmospheric water

Sources Of Water

Surface Water

Ground Water

Fresh Water

01

02

03

04

Surface Water

Surface water are most gotten from rivers,lakes and
wetlands.

01

●
Rivers: Flowing bodies of water that originate from
sources like lakes, glaciers, and springs.

●

Lakes: Large bodies of standing water, either freshwater
or saltwater, found in depressions on the Earth's surface.

●

Wetlands: Areas of land that are saturated with water,
either permanently or seasonally, and support unique
ecosystems.

Ground Water

Ground water is mostly gotten from aquifers,
springs, wells and underground streams

02

●
Aquifers: Underground layers of water-bearing
permeable rock, sand, or gravel.

●
Springs: Natural sources of water that flow from the
ground, often from an aquifer.

●
Wells: Artificial structures drilled into the ground to
access groundwater for human use.

Fresh Water

Fresh water are water sources that are not salty.
Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh and only 0.3% is
used by humans.

03

Atmospheric Water

Atmospheric water is mostly gotten from clouds,
precipitation and humidity.

04

●
Clouds: Water vapor that condenses in the atmosphere,
forming visible masses of water droplets or ice crystals.

●
Precipitation:Water that falls from the sky in the form of
rain, snow, sleet, or hail, replenishing surface and
groundwater.

●
Humidity: The amount of water vapor present in the air,
which plays a role in the water cycle and weather
patterns.

Diagram on Distribution of
Water

Our Group Members

● Toby

● Jade

● Dorcas

● Isaac

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Group 2

Hard Water and Soft Water

01.

02.

GROUP MEMBERS

GEORGE NII
YARBOYE ANNAN

03.

04.

OHEMAA AKOSUA
KORANTEMAA
OWUSU

EMMANUEL
BABATUNDE
ADEKANLA

KWADWO ADU-KUSI

DEFINITION of
Hard and Soft

Water

Hard water is defined as water which does not

readily lather with soap. Example: Sea water

Soft water is defined as water which forms lather
readily with soap. Example: Rain water and distilled

water.

What is Hardness of Water?

Hardness of water is defined as the inability of water
to form lather easily with soap.
Causes of water hardness
1.Presence of Calcium salts

2. Presence of magnesium salts
3. Presence of Iron(III) salts

EXPERIMENT

An experiment to compare formation of lather with soap using hard
and soft water
Procedure

● Collect about 150 cm3 of water from various sources such as

river, borehole, tap water, rain, sea, and well.

● Measure about 25 cm3 of each sample of water into conical

flasks.

● Pour soap solution into a burette or graduated cylinder.
● Carefully, titrate or pour the soap solution bit by bit from the

graduated cylinder or burette into each sample of water in the
flask while swirling gently.

● Record the volume of soap solution added to give a permanent

lather.

● Record any scum formed until the mixture forms a permanent

lather.

● List and explain which water is hard and which is soft

Disadvantages of Hard water

1.It wastes soap since it does not lather easily with soap.

2.It forms scale or deposits in pipes, biolers, and kettles.

3.It causes graying in white clothes.

Disadvantages of Soft Water

1.It does not have a pleasant taste

2.It is believed to increase the chances of heart diseases.

3.The abscence of calcium ions causes weak bones and teeth.

PURIFICATION
OF WATER FOR
PUBLIC
CONSUMPTION

Group Members

Yasin Alhassan
Abigail Aseda

Osei-Adjei

Kelsie Manzah

Buah

Awenley Davina

Ayarick

Contents of this template

● What is impure water?
● Sources of water contamination
● What is water purification?
● Key stages in the purification of water for public

consumption

What is impure water?

● Impure water is water

that is not suitable for
human consumption due
to impurities.

What is water purification?

They are the methods carried out in order to make water
suitable for human use or consumption.

Drinkable water is known as potable water.

Key Stages in the

purification of water for

consumption

Stage 1

The first step in purifying surface water

is by passing it through strainers to
remove large debris such as sticks,

leaves, trash and other large particles
which may interfere with subsequent

purification steps.

Stage 2

Water is pumped into large settling or

sedimentation tanks and then exposed to

sunlight. Here much of the suspended

particles settle down and therefore

removed. Also because of exposure to
sunlight, water is bleached to remove

undesirable colour.

Stage 3

Water is then passed through filter beds

made up of sand, fine gravels and

coarse gravels to remove both organic

and inorganic debris or large

suspended particles.

Stage 4

After filtration through sand and gravel beds, fine

suspended particles are removed by the addition of potash

alum in a tank(often called rapid mix tank or flash mixer)
which makes these particles coagulate and settle easily.

In most treatment plants, the mixture remains in the tank for

10 to 30 seconds to ensure full mixing. The amount of

coagulant that is added to the water varies widely due to

the different source water quality.

Stage 5

This stage is referred to as the chlorination or
disinfection stage.Here,water is disinfected by

passing chlorine gas through the water which kills the

microbes,harmful bacteria and other germs.

Stage 6

Because of passage of chlorine gas through

the water it becomes a little bit acidic. A

calculated amount of calcium hydroxide is

then added to control the pH.