Lesson 11 Cell Differentiation

Cell Differentiation & Cell Specialization

Multiple Choice

Stem cells are

• cells that grow uncontrollably
• undifferentiated and can be any type of cell
• never go through cell division
• only found in embryos

Multiple Choice

Stem cells can be obtained from

• embryos
• some adult tissues
• umbilical cord blood
• all of the above

Multiple Choice

Which best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?

• Muscle cells are produced by the brain, but blood cells are produced by the heart. 
• Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cells. 
• Muscles cells experience different environmental influences than blood cells. 
• A mutation occurs during the development of muscle cells but not in blood cells. 

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Multicellular organisms have specialized cells

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Specialized cells are different in structure and function

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Cells become specialized during interphase of G0

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The process in which a cell becomes specialized is called
Cell Differentiation

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Stem Cells areNOT specialized yet

Multiple Choice

What is cell differentiation?

• Process by which cells produce more cells
• Process by which cells become specialized
• Process by which cells become unspecialized
• Process by which cells die

Multiple Choice

What is one goal of cellular differentiation/specialization?

• To create specialized cells to help organism maintain homeostasis.
• To many cells.
• To make stem cells
• to make single celled organisms

Multiple Choice

Cell cycle checkpoints are able to stop mutated cells. Mutated cells are cancerous. If the checkpoints are damaged, they are unable destroy (stop) cancerous cells from dividing. Compared to normal cell division,

• cancer cell cycle is faster

• cancer cell cycle is uncontrollable

• cancer cell is continous

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

What is the importance of apoptosis?

• To eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells
• To create specialized cells
• To produce two identical cells
• To cause uncontrolled cell growth

Specialized Animal Cells

Specialized Plant Cells

Match

Match the following

• a process by which a gene creates a product for the cell

• movement

• an organic molecule that is made up of amino acids and is essential to life

• adapted to a particular function or environment

• a nucleic acid found in the nucleus of cells and containing hereditary information

gene expression

locomotion

protein

specialized

DNA

• gene expression

• locomotion

• protein

• specialized

• DNA

Multiple Choice

What is cell differentiation?

• The process where unspecialized cells become different in structure and function.

• When DNA controls the cell cycle.

• The ability of cells to make more cells.

• The ability of cells to maintain homeostasis.

Multiple Choice

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genetic modification technique that edits parts of the genome of an organism. Using this technique scientists can add, remove, or modify sections of the DNA sequence.

How can scientists use this technique to control gene expression?

• By activating or deactivating specific genes

• By calculating the number of genes different organisms produce

• By identifying how closely related one individual is to another

• By determining the number of chromosomes in an organism

Multiple Choice

Human bone, muscle, and nerve cells all contain the same number of chromosomes with the same complement of genes. What enables these cells to perform specialized activities?

• The ability of some cells to remove unnecessary DNA sequences

• The regulation of gene expression within each cell type

• The mutation of genes within each cell type

• The use of different methods of cell division

Multiple Choice

Cancer is...

• Uncontrolled cell growth

• Normal cell growth

• A protein

• A cell cycle regulator

Multiple Choice

Cancer creates abnormal cells by disrupting

• the cell cycle
• red blood cell formation
• DNA replication
• ATP synthesis

* Process by which a gene produces its product and the
product carries out its function.

Describe the relationship between:

GENES AND PROTEINS

A gene is a segment of DNA

that codes for a particularprotein.

*Some genes are:

1. expressed at all times

2. expressed in certain environmental conditions.

3. expressed at particular times.

4. expressed only in certain kinds of cells.

Gene Expression is a REGULATED process!

Transfers/carries
amino acids

Transcription
Translation

Replication

Traits
s

In a Nutshell...

Amino acids

DNA

tRNA

Proteins

Gene
Expression

monomer

polymer

1.
2.

codons

anticodons

mRNA
DNA