Nouns and Pronouns

​Chapter 6: Noun and Pronoun

• Adjectives Describing Nouns

• Nouns as Adjectives

• Personal Pronouns

• Possessive Nouns and Pronouns

• Reflexive Pronouns

• Use of 'Other' singular and plural

• Plural Forms of Nouns

• Subject-Verb-Object Structure

• Objects of Prepositions

• Prepositions of Time

• Word Order: Place and Time

• Subject-Verb Agreement

Contents

Plural Forms of Nouns

Change in spelling: child → children, mouse → mice

Same singular and plural form: sheep → sheep, fish → fish

Irregular Plural Forms:

• Add -s to most nouns: book → books

• Add -es to nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z: bus → buses

Regular Plural Forms:

​Exceptions:
Nouns ending in -y preceded by a consonant: change -y to -ies: city → cities
Nouns ending in -f or -fe: change to -ves: leaf → leaves

Fill in the Blank

The plural of "baby" is __________.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an irregular plural form?

• books

• boxes

• children

• dogs

Subject-Verb-Object
Structure

Basic Sentence Structure:

Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Object (O)

The teacher explains the lesson.
S V O

​Examples:
Sarah loves chocolate.
They built a house.

Multiple Choice

Identify the object in the sentence:

"John reads a book."

• John

• reads

• a book

• None of the above

Multiple Choice

In the sentence

"She ate the apple,"

"the apple" is the subject.

• True

• False

Objects of Prepositions

​Definition:
An object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows a preposition and completes its meaning.

​Common Prepositions:
Location: in, on, at, under, above
Time: before, after, during
Direction: to, from, toward

​Examples :
The book is on the table.
She arrived after dinner.

Fill in the Blank

The cat is sitting ______ the chair.

Prepositions of Time

Common Prepositions of Time:

• At: specific times: at 3 PM, at midnight

• On: days and dates: on Monday, on July 4th, 1999

• In: months, years, centuries, long periods (seasons) : in September, in 2023

Match

Match the prepositions with the appropriate objects:

• at

• in

• on

6.30

August

Monday

• 6.30

• August

• Monday

Multiple Choice

Which preposition correctly completes the sentence?

"We will meet ___ Friday."

• in

• on

• at

• out

Word Order: Place and Time

​Standard Word Order:

Subject + Verb + Place + Time

​Examples: They had dinner at a restaurant last night.
S V place time


Arrange these phrases:
1. meet - tomorrow. - at the park - We will

​2. yesterday. - at the flower shop - bought - I - a beautiful flower

Multiple Choice

She works in the morning at the office.

• True

• False

Reorder

Reorder the following phrases " played football - yesterday. - He - in the park"

• He

• played football

• in the park

• yesterday.

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Subjects joined by 'and': use plural verb: Tom and Jerry are friends.

Every is a singular word used with
singular noun
Every student
Every teacher
Everyone, Everybody

Special Cases:

Singular subjects take singular verbs: The cat runs fast.

Plural subjects take plural verbs: The cats run fast.

Basic Rules:

Subject-Verb Agreement

Multiple Choice

The sentence "The dogs bark loudly" is correct

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Every teacher in XLC ___ kind.

• is

• are

• has

• have

Adjectives Describing Nouns

Usage:

Adjectives describe or modify nouns.

They usually come before the noun they modify.
Example:
Jacob is playing an interesting video game.
The short tree is a mango tree.
Roses are red.

Multiple Choice

Complete the sentence with appropriate adjective.

"Knives are ___ , you can use it to cut vegetables and fruits"

• sharp

• funny

• comfortable

• wild

Nouns as Adjectives

Definition:

A noun can modify another noun, acting like an adjective.

Examples:

Coffee cup, School bus, Chocolate cake
I go to school by school bus.

Remember:
When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural

A flowers garden - incorrect
Correct: _________

Multiple Choice

In the phrase "apple pie,"

"apple" is used as an adjective.

• True

• False

me
us
you
him
her
it
them

Object Pronouns

I
We
You
He
She
It
They

Subject Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

​Usage:
Subject Pronouns replace the subject of the sentence: She is reading a book.
Object Pronouns replace the object of the sentence: The teacher called him.

Multiple Choice

Which is the correct subject pronoun?

"___ am happy."

• I

• You

• me

• them

Fill in the Blank

The teacher asked __________ (him/he) to help.

Possessive Nouns

Show ownership by adding an apostrophe + s ('s) or just an apostrophe for plural nouns ending in s:

The girl's book.
The students' lounge.

my
your
her
his
our
your
their
Its

Adjectives

mine
yours
hers
his
ours
yours
theirs

Pronouns

Possessive pronouns and adjectives

​This book is mine.

​This book is my book.

Multiple Choice

Choose the correct possessive pronoun:

"This car is ___."

• hers

• her

• Sarah's

• my

Reflexive Pronouns

Definition:

Used when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same person or thing:
He hurt himself.

List of Reflexive Pronouns:

Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

Multiple Choice

Which reflexive pronoun completes the sentence?

"She looked at __ in the mirror."

• myself

• yourself

• herself

• themselves

Fill in the Blank

Complete this sentence with the best reflexive pronouns.

Are you okay, Tom? Did you hurt ____?

"Other"
singular and plural

Other, singular forms

Another

Another means "one more out of a groupd of similar items, one in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.

Another is a combination of an+other, written as one word.

Another is used with singular nouns:

• Can I have another cup of coffee?

• May I have another cookie?

• Let's watch another movie.
  
  

Other, singular forms

The other

Refers to the remaining item or person / the last one in a specific group.

Examples:

• One hand holds the bag; the other holds the umbrella.

• I have two pens; one is blue and the other one is black.

Other, plural forms

Other(s)

Other(s) (without the) means several more out of a group of similar items.
Example:
There are many students in XLC. We can see some students in class 2103.
There are other students in a class 2104.

​(adj.)+(noun)

​There are other ones in a class 2105.

​(adj.)+(ones)

​​There are others in a class 2106.

(pronoun)

*others = other students.

Other, plural forms

The others

The others means the last ones in a specific group.
Example:
There are many freshmen in XLC. We can see some freshmen are in class 2104.
The other freshmen are in a class 2105.

​(adj.)+(noun)

​The other ones are in a class 2105.

​(adj.)+(ones)

​​The others are in a class 2105.

(pronoun)

​(or)

​(or)

Multiple Choice

Which word correctly completes the sentence?

"I have two keys. One is for my house, and ___ is for my car."

• the other

• the others

• another

• others

Fill in the Blank

Complete the sentence.

I have finished this book. Can you give me __________ one?

Multiple Choice

Which word correctly completes the sentence?

"I would like ___ cup of tea."

• the other

• the others

• another

• others

Fill in the Blank

Complete the sentence.

There are many kinds of fruits in the market. The mango is one kind. Some _____ are grapes, apples, and bananas.