Intellectual property and review

Intellectual Property

Legal and Ethical Concerns

Special thanks to Fiveable and Minna Chow

Background

• The Internet gives people easy, quick, and

free access to both a lot of other people
and a lot of content. Computing
innovations are also notorious for being
used far beyond their intended purposes.
If not handled well, these two facts could
spell a recipe for disaster.

• The widespread development and use of

computing innovations raises many
different types of legal and ethical
concerns. One of the areas where
concerns are raised is in the field
of intellectual property and copyright
law.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual Property is defined
by the World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO) as
"creations of the mind, such as
inventions; literary and artistic
works; designs; and symbols,
names, and images used in
commerce."

So, how do we describe
intellectual property?

• Material created on a computer (ex:

an image, a piece of digital art, a piece
of writing) is the intellectual property
of the creator who made it.

• Sometimes, creators sign away their

rights to their intellectual property,
such as when a work is made for hire.
In that case, the organization the
creator made a contract with owns the
intellectual property rights.

Intellectual property

• In the digital age, challenges to intellectual property rights are

more powerful than ever before. This is because it's very easy
to access and distribute intellectual property found on the
internet. Oftentimes, making a copy of a digital picture or book
only takes a few button clicks. Because it's so easy to make
copies, content creators often find it very, very difficult to
control access to their works.

• Protecting intellectual property, at its best, helps foster

innovation. It makes sure that content creators get credit
and/or can financially benefit from their hard work.

Multiple Choice

What does intellectual property (IP) refer to?

• Physical objects created by a person

• Ideas and creations of a person

• Government regulations on inventions

• Processes and procedures in a company

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of intellectual property?

• buildings and infrastructure

• natural resources

• songs and music

• public parks and gardens

Multiple Choice

Who does intellectual property belong to?

• the government

• the first person to copy it

• the company that profits from it

• The person who thought of it

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of laws to protect intellectual property?

• To safeguard the rights of thinkers and creators

• To encourage sharing of intellectual property

• To ensure only the government can use intellectual property

• To prevent any use of intellectual property

Copyright

• the legal right that the

creator of a work has to it

• Protects economic rights

and moral rights

Copyright and the Internet

• Before you use or repost content from the internet, you have

to consider copyright. Just because a piece of art or an image
can be easily found on the internet doesn't mean that it's free
to use, especially not if you're turning a profit.

• Some pieces of content require permission from the creator

before being used. Some pieces aren't allowed to be used for
financial purposes. Even if this isn't the case, you
should always cite any material you use that you didn't
create as good practice.

• Using content created by someone else without permission or

citation can have consequences, such as a fine or an order to
remove copyrighted content.

• If you claim content as your own, even unintentionally, you

might be found guilty of plagiarism.

Multiple Choice

What do copyrights protect?

• Business names and logos

• Art, music, and writings

• Manufacturing processes

• Formulas and compilations of information

Plagiarism

• Plagiarism is when you take the content of

someone else and claim it as your own. The most
common type of plagiarism students hear about is
the plagiarism of written ideas and/or phrases. It's
possible to accidentally plagiarize by simply
forgetting to cite the original source of an idea or
phrase.

• Plagiarism can have serious consequences,

especially in the world of academia. It can get
students expelled and see the careers of professors
destroyed. Furthermore, there could be legal
consequences as well.

Multiple Choice

Copying, “lifting,” or making slight changes to some or all of someone else’s work and saying you created it.

• plagiarize

• creative commons

• copyright

• intellectual property

How to Legally & Ethically Use Another’s
Work

1. Creative Commons
2. Fair Use
3. Open Sourcing
4. Open Access

Creative Commons

• a public copyright license that a

creator uses when they want to give
others the right to use their work.

• Many Wikipedia images, for example,

fall under a Creative
Commons license.

Fair Use

• an exception to copyright law that

allows the use of copyrighted material
without permission for limited
purposes, such as educational or
news-reporting.

• It can be very difficult to determine

what is and isn't Fair Use, so don’t
rely on it for everything!

Open Source

• allows for work to be freely

shared, distributed, and
modified.

• usually mentioned in the

context of software.

Open Access

• refers to research available to the

general public that's free of many
restrictions.

• example - some academic journals

are open-access or have open-access
sections.

• Works that are under the umbrella of

open access are often free of
copyright use restrictions, but it's
important to verify that this is the
case with each work.

Multiple Choice

The ability to use a small amount of copyrighted work without permission, but only in certain ways and in specific situations (schoolwork and education, news reporting, criticizing or commenting on something, and comedy/parody).

• plagiarize

• piracy

• public domain

• fair use

Multiple Choice

A kind of copyright that makes it easier for people to copy, share, and build on your creative work, as long as they give you credit for it.

• plagiarize

• creative commons

• copyright

• intellectual property

Fill in the Blank

How many bits are needed to encode 28 characters?

Multiple Choice

If you want to keep an identical copy, you should use

• lossless compression

• lossy compression

Open Ended

What is sampling?

Multiple Choice

What type of compression results in information being removed?

• lossless

• lossy

Open Ended

If you can use up to 5 bits, what is the smallest number that would cause an overflow error?

Multiple Select

How do computers represent data? Select all correct answers.

• binary

• natural language

• digital information

• bytes

Fill in the Blank

Compression __________ the size of the original file.