Understanding point of care testing

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes point-of-care testing (POCT)?

• Testing performed in a specialized laboratory

• Testing performed near the patient or at the site of care

• Testing performed only by pathologists

• Testing performed only in hospital settings

Multiple Choice

Important in determining which blood product can be safely used for blood transfusion.

• Blood Bank Specimen

• Blood Culture Testing

• Coagulation Specimen

• Glucose Test

Multiple Choice

Tube color/additive for used for the collection of blood bank specimen.

• Lavender Top or EDTA tube

• Light Blue Top or Sodium Citrate tube

• Yellow Top or SPS tube

• Gray Top or Potassium Oxalate and Sodium Fluoride tube

Multiple Choice

A test that checks the blood for pathogens for patients who have a fever of unknown origin (FUO). The test determines the presence of bacteria in the blood that causes bacteremia or presence of microorganism and toxins in the blood that causes septicemia.

• Blood Bank Specimen

• Blood Culture Testing

• Coagulation Specimen

• Glucose Test

Multiple Choice

How many blood culture sets should we collect?

• 5-6 blood culture sets

• 1-2 blood culture sets

• 4-6 blood culture sets

• 2-4 blood culture sets

Multiple Choice

Crucial in the blood collection procedure because it prevents the contamination by microbial flora in the skin which can be introduced in blood culture bottles and affect the results.

• Skin Antisepsis

• Skin Testing

• Hemostasis

• Vasoconstriction

Multiple Choice

A physician requests this to assess the blood clotting functions especially if the patient has unexplained bleeding.

• Blood Banking

• Blood Culture Testing

• Coagulation Tests

• Hemostasis

Multiple Choice

All are coagulation tests, EXCEPT:

• Prothrombin Time (PT)

• Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

• Thrombin Time (TT)

• Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

Multiple Choice

A blood-thinning medicine that is used to prevent dangerous clots. It is an anticoagulant therapy.

• Fibrinolysis

• INR

• Prothrombin

• Warfarin

Multiple Choice

Tube color/additive for coagulation specimens

• Lavender top or EDTA tube

• Light blue top with 3.4% Citrate tube

• Light blue top with 3.2% Citrate tube

• Pink top or EDTA tube

Multiple Choice

This blood test is done to check if the patient is suffering from diabetes and other metabolic problems. It is also used to monitor insulin therapy.

• 2-hour Postprandial Glucose

• Glucose Tolerance Test

• Lactose Tolerance Test

• Paternity/Parentage Testing

Multiple Choice

Also called “Oral Glucose Tolerance Test”; This is to evaluate the ability of the body to metabolize glucose by measuring the tolerance level to high glucose level.

• 2-hour Postprandial Glucose

• Glucose Tolerance Test

• Lactose Tolerance Test

• Paternity/Parentage Testing

Multiple Choice

Tube color/additive used for Blood Alcohol (ETOH) Specimens

• Lavender Top or EDTA tube

• Light Blue Top or Sodium Citrate

• Green Top or Heparinized tube

• Gray Top or Potassium Oxalate and Sodium Fluoride

Multiple Choice

The specimen used is urine instead of blood. The chain of custody protocol is strictly implemented since legal implications are involved.

• Blood Alcohol (Ethanol) Specimens

• Trace Element Testing

• Drug Screening

Multiple Choice

Which type of POCT provides results that indicate the presence or absence of a substance?

• Quantitative

• Qualitative

• Analytical

• Confirmatory

Multiple Choice

Quantitative POCT results are expressed in:

• Positive or negative

• Units of measurement

• Pass or fail

• Descriptive terms

Multiple Choice

Which type of test measures the exact amount of a substance?

• Qualitative

• Quantitative

• Screening

• Diagnostic

Multiple Choice

CLIA-waived tests are:

• High complexity tests

• Moderate complexity tests

• Simple tests with low risk of error

• Tests only performed in hospitals

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a CLIA-waived test?

• Complete blood count

• Urine pregnancy test

• Blood culture

• Tissue biopsy

Multiple Choice

7. The hematology department of a clinical laboratory is responsible for:

• analyzing blood and its components

• testing urine samples

• performing X-rays

• analyzing tissue biopsies

Multiple Choice

Which department analyzes blood glucose levels?

• Hematology

• Chemistry

• Microbiology

• Immunology

Multiple Choice

Which department focuses on identifying microorganisms?

• Chemistry

• Hematology

• Microbiology

• Blood bank

Multiple Choice

Quality control (QC) in laboratory testing is designed to:

• Document patient demographics

• Monitor and evaluate test accuracy

• Schedule patient appointments

• Train new staff

Multiple Choice

Which is an example of a quality control procedure?

• Running control samples

• Completing incident reports

• Scheduling maintenance

• Patient counseling

Multiple Choice

Quality assurance (QA) focuses on:

• Day-to-day test accuracy

• Overall laboratory process improvement

• Emergency protocols

• Scheduling patient appointments

Multiple Choice

The primary purpose of quality assurance in laboratories is to:

• Identify patient errors

• Ensure reliable and accurate patient results

• Improve staff attendance

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is considered a high complexity test?

• Urine dipstick

• Glucose meter reading

• PCR genetic testing

• Rapid strep test

Multiple Choice

Moderate complexity tests include:

• Basic urinalysis

• Manual differential white blood cell count

• Rapid influenza test

• Complete blood count

Multiple Choice

Which law regulates laboratory testing in the U.S.?

• HIPAA

• CLIA

• OSHA

• FDA

Multiple Choice

Point-of-care glucose testing is classified as:

• High complexity

• Moderate complexity

• CLIA-waived

• Non-regulated

Multiple Choice

In quality control, control samples should be run:

• Only when equipment fails

• At regular intervals

• Only when a new employee is trained

• Once a month

Multiple Choice

The blood bank department specializes in:

• Analyzing hormone levels

• Crossmatching and preparing blood for transfusion

• Detecting infections

• Genetic testing

Open Ended

Which is an example of a qualitative test result?

Multiple Choice

Which test complexity category requires the most highly trained personnel?

• Waived

• Moderate

• High

• None

Multiple Choice

Which department performs tests on cerebrospinal fluid to check for infection?

• Hematology

• Microbiology

• Chemistry

• Immunology

Multiple Choice

An example of quality assurance is:

• Running daily control samples

• Reviewing and revising standard operating procedures

• Recalibrating an instrument

• Recording patient demographics

Multiple Choice

The immunology department focuses on:

• Hormone analysis

• Study of immune system and antibodies

• Blood cell morphology

• Genetic mutations

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a CLIA-waived test?

• Urine dipstick

• Rapid strep

• Manual microscopic urinalysis

• Fecal occult blood test

●Medical laboratories are essential in healthcare settings.

●Found in hospitals, ambulatory care facilities, and public
health departments.

●Staffed by various certified professionals including MTs,
MLTs, and phlebotomists.

Role of Medical Assistants

●Medical assistants (MAs) collect specimens for testing.

●Specimens are sent to outside reference laboratories.

●Tests help document health, screen for diseases, and
assist in diagnosis.

Importance of Laboratory Requisitions

●Lab requisitions are necessary for testing
specimens outside the lab.

●Inaccurate requisitions can lead to rejected
specimens and delays.

●Proper documentation is crucial for patient
satisfaction.

Understanding Point Of Care Testing
and Laboratory Procedures

Introduction to Medical Laboratories

Labeling Specimens Correctly

●Always label specimens accurately to avoid
errors.

●Include patient’s name, date of birth, and
collection details.

●Verify labels against health records before
sending to the lab

Choosing Appropriate Laboratory Tests
●Select tests based on provider’s orders.

●Confirm patient fasting status when required for blood tests.

●Document urine temperature for specific screenings.

Matching Specimens to Requisitions
●Confirm all specimens match the correct lab requisition.

●Mislabeling can lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment.

●Double-check before transporting specimens to the lab.

Clinical Laboratory Departments

Different departments perform specific tests:

●Urinalysis,

●Hematology,

●Chemistry,

●Microbiology,

●Cytology,

●Blood Bank.

Each department has unique functions and
specimen types.

Hematology Tests

●Hematology involves blood cell counts: RBCs,
WBCs, and platelets.

●Helps diagnose anemia, infections, and blood
disorders.

●Regular monitoring can indicate health changes.

Microbiology Testing

●Microbiology studies bacteria, fungi,
and viruses.

●Specimens can include blood, urine,
and wound material.

●Critical for diagnosing infections and
guiding treatment.

Chemistry Tests Overview

●Chemistry tests analyze
chemicals in blood and other
fluids.

●Includes lipid profiles and
glucose levels.

●Essential for assessing
metabolic and organ function.

●Blood banks process and
store blood for
transfusions.

●Essential for surgeries and
treating blood disorders.

●Strict protocols ensure
safety and compatibility.

●Cytology involves
examining cells for
diagnostic
purposes.

●Helps identify
cancer and other
diseases.

●Utilizes samples
from various body
sites.

Pathology

The most common specimens in ambulatory care
settings include:
●Blood

●Urine

●Swab samples

●Each type requires specific handling and
processing techniques.

Processing Specimens Before

Transport

●Some specimens require
processing to maintain integrity.

●Example: Ensure swabbed
specimens are moist by breaking
the fluid chamber.

●Urine specimens may need
centrifuging before transport.

●Some specimens require
processing to maintain integrity.

●Example: Ensure swabbed
specimens are moist by breaking
the fluid chamber.

●Urine specimens may need
centrifuging before transport.

Specimen
Handling

●Medical assistants play a crucial
role in obtaining, processing, and
preparing specimens for
transport.

●Consider all specimens as
potentially infectious to protect
yourself and others.

●Follow standard precautions to
minimize exposure to
disease-causing
microorganisms.

●Label packages with biohazard
identification when transporting
specimens.

●This alerts handlers to the potential
infectious nature of the contents.

●Proper labeling is crucial for safety
during transport.

Special Handling
for Urine Samples

●Urine samples for bilirubin testing
need protection from light.

●Use dark containers to prevent
light exposure.

●Test urine samples within one
hour of collection or refrigerate
them.

Biohazard

Identification

Quality Assurance vs Quality Control

●Quality assurance (QA) refers to policies/procedures for reliable
test results

●Quality control (QC) is more specific to uncovering and
eliminating errors

●Examples:

●QC - Checking reagent strip expiration dates

●QA - Rotating stock to use newest items first

Quality Control in

Laboratories

●Quality assurance (QA)
ensures reliability of test
results.

●Quality control (QC) focuses
on accuracy and error
prevention.

●Examples include checking
reagent expiration dates
and refrigerator
temperatures.

Quality Assurance

Measures

●QA policies ensure overall
reliability of laboratory
processes.

●Regular audits and staff
training enhance quality.

●Continuous improvement is
key to patient safety.

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