4.17 Unit Review

4.17 Unit Review

Earth’s Interior and Plate Tectonics

Earth’s Interior

•Crust
•Mantle
•Outer Core
•Inner Core

Hotspot

Which layer represents
Earth's mantle?

Math Response

What is the density of an object that has a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 5 mL?

density (d) = mass (m) / volume (v)

Type answer here

Correct Answer: 2

Deg^°

Rad

Multiple Choice

Which of the following observations about the ice cube in the image is correct?​

• The density of the ice cube is less than the density of the water.​

• The density of the ice cube is greater than the density of the water.​

•Earth's mantle transfers heat from Earth's
core up to Earth's surface through the
process of convection.

•Convection currents in the mantle causes
the hot, less dense semi-solid mantle material
to rise through the upper mantle.

•The hot material slowly cools as it rises,
spreading energy out and causing the now
cooler mantle material to sink back down in
the mantle.

Multiple Choice

How do convection currents in the mantle drive the movement of tectonic plates?​

• Convection currents push the plates upward, causing them to collide and form mountains.​

• Convection currents pull the plates downward, causing them to subduct beneath other plates.​

• Convection currents create a circular motion, pushing the plates apart at some boundaries and pushing them together at others.​

Evidence that supported the idea
of continental drift included:

• the shape of the continents

• fossils

• climate features

• mountain ranges

Multiple Choice

Why did scientists originally reject the idea of continental drift? ​​
Select the best explanation.​

• The fossil evidence that supported continental drift was inaccurate because there were other ways animals could travel between the continents.​

• The evidence to support continental drift could explain how the continents moved, but the outlines of the continents did not fit together.​

• Continental drift had evidence to show that the continents were once connected, but there was no explanation for how the continents were able to move.​

Reorder

Arrange the images in order from oldest as part of Pangea (1) to where they are positioned today (4).

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Seafloor Spreading

•Occurs along divergent boundaries where the oceanic crust is pulled apart.

•Magma pushes up in between the two pieces of crust, cools, and solidifies into new rock and land.

•Forms: Mid-Ocean Ridges & Rift Valleys

Multiple Choice

The process of seafloor spreading occurs at which type of plate boundary?​

• divergent boundary​

• all types of plate boundaries​

• convergent boundary​

• transform boundary​

One tectonic plate is
pushed underneath
another tectonic plate

Match

Match each type of tectonic plate boundary with the appropriate image.

Divergent boundary

Transform boundary

Convergent boundary

• Divergent boundary

• Transform boundary

• Convergent boundary

Multiple Select

Which of the following geological features form at convergent boundaries? ​
(Choose 2)​

• rift valleys​

• island arcs​

• tall mountain ranges​

• mid-ocean ridges​

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the location where one tectonic plate is pushed underneath another tectonic plate?​

• plate boundary​

• subduction zone​

• rift valley​

• mid-ocean ridge​

The San Andreas
Fault in California
is an example of

a transform
boundary.

Iceland is an
examples of
a divergent
boundary.

The Himalayas
is an example
of a convergent

boundary.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is located along a transform boundary?​

• Himalayas​

• Andes

• San Andreas Fault​

• Iceland​

Multiple Choice

How did the movement of tectonic plates cause the formation of the Andes mountain range in South America?​

• By pulling of the plates at a divergent boundary.​

• By pushing of the plates at a convergent boundary.​

• By sliding of the plates at a transform boundary.​

Evidence for
Plate Tectonics

• Tracking continents movement with GPS

• magnetic properties in rocks

• the age of the seafloor

• the Hawaiian Island chain forms over a

hotspot

Categorize

Options (8)

Shape of the continents

Location of fossils

Ancient climate features

Similar mountain ranges in different locations

Tracking continents moving through GPS

Movement of hotspot volcanoes

Magnetic properties of rocks

Age of the seafloor

Which lines of evidence were used to support continental drift, and which were discovered later in support of plate tectonics?​

Continental Drift

Plate Tectonics

Parts of an
Earthquake

• The focus is the point along a

fault where an earthquake
begins. This is where energy is
released.

• The epicenter is the location

on Earth’s surface directly
above the focus of an
earthquake.

Hotspot

Identify the epicenter of the earthquake.

Types of Seismic Waves
during an Earthquake

•Primary (P waves) – push/pull,
travels quickly, minimal damage

•Secondary (S waves) –
side-to-side, more shaking than
P waves

•Surface waves – rolling,
ripple-like pattern, travels the
slowest, most violent shaking

Labelling

Observe the seismograph. In what order do the 3 seismic waves arrive?​

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

P wave

S wave

Surface wave

Multiple Choice

Which type of seismic wave travels the fastest, and is first to be experienced during an earthquake?​

• all waves travel at the same speed​

• P wave​

• S wave

• surface wave

Multiple Choice

An earthquake shakes two cities, City A and City B. The earthquake in City A was felt by many people walking around, but no buildings were damaged. The earthquake in City B caused a few buildings to collapse.​
​
Is City A or City B closer to the epicenter of the earthquake?​ Select the best response.​

• An earthquake causes stronger shaking at locations closer to the epicenter; so City B is closer because it experienced stronger shaking than City A.​

• Both City B and City A are the same distance from the epicenter because they both experienced an earthquake.​

​Volcanoes

​•Violent eruptions occur when the magma’s viscosity (thickness) is high.

•Caused by low temperature and high
silica.

•When magma erupts
onto Earth’s surface,
it is called
lava.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following examples of magma has the highest viscosity?​

• cool magma with a high silica content​

• cool magma with low silica content​

• hot magma with a high silica content​

• hot magma with a low silica content​

Multiple Choice

How can a volcanic eruption affect the atmosphere?​

• add large quantities of several gases, such as sulfur dioxide, to the atmosphere​

• increase the amount of oxygen due to escaping gases​

• reduce the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere​

About 75% of volcanic and
earthquake activity takes
place in a region around the
Pacific Ocean known as the
Ring of Fire.

Many landforms exist here
as a result of:

• earthquakes

• volcanic island chains

• long coastal mountain

ranges and volcanoes

• deep ocean trenches

Multiple Choice

What ocean is the Ring of Fire located around?​

• Indian Ocean​

• Atlantic Ocean​

• Arctic Ocean

• Pacific Ocean

Another volcanic landform that forms with large eruptions is a
caldera.

A supervolcano is a volcano that has had such a massive eruption
that a large caldera developed.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following volcanic formations would most likely result from a single eruption event?​

• cinder cone volcano​

• fissure​

• stratovolcano​

• shield volcano​

Reorder

Place the following volcanoes from smallest (1) to largest (4).

• Cinder cone volcano

• Stratovolcano

• Shield volcano

• Supervolcano

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Multiple Choice

Mauna Loa in Hawaii is an example of what type of volcano?​

• Fissure volcano

• Shield volcano

• Stratovolcano

• Cinder cone volcano

Multiple Choice

These volcanos in Turkey are an example of what type of volcano?​

• Fissure volcano

• Shield volcano

• Stratovolcano

• Cinder cone volcano

• Mountains will

form through
volcanic activity
and orogeny.

• Orogeny is the process of
compressing and
folding Earth's
crust together.

• As the crust is pushed together
along plate
boundaries, it is
compressed,
folded, and
pushed upward to
form mountains.

Multiple Choice

What type of process does a geologist study if they are investigating how a mountain range of fold mountains formed?​

• seismology

• geology

• orogeny

• volcanology​