Sample chem lesson demo

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Covalent Bonding

An introductory presentation

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F

Multiple Choice

What is the charge on an anion?

• negative
• Positive

• Nutral

Multiple Choice

Which two elements will form a covalent bond?

• Magnesium and Chlorine

• Sodium and Bromine

• Iron and Sulfur

• Carbon and Oxygen

Multiple Select

What is true about covalent compounds? (Check all that apply.)

• bonds are generally weak

• formed between metals and nonmetals

• low melting and boiling points

• solids are usually soft

Multiple Choice

How are covalent compounds formed?

• when electrons are gained or lost

• when electrons are transferred

• when electrons are shared

• none of the above

Learning Points

State which types of

elements covalent

bonds can exist

between.

Describe what

happens to electrons

when a covalent
bond is formed.

Explain some key

properties of simple
covalent substances.

Covalent bonds form in most non-metal elements
and in compounds formed between non-metals.

Elements

Non-metals can be found on
the right hand side of the

periodic table.

Non-metals

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These are examples of covalent
molecules. Some are elements

(substances made of the same type of

atom) and some are compounds

(substances made of two or more types

of atom).

Molecules

H

H

H

Cl

H

H

O

Cl

Cl

The shells must be filled in order of

closest to the nucleus, to furthest from
the nucleus. When reacting, the aim is

for an atom to achieve a full outer

shell. This means the desired electron
configuration is the same as a noble

gas e.g. like helium and neon shown to

the left.

Electron Rules

Recap

He

Two electrons
can occupy the

first shell.

Ne

Eight electrons
can occupy the
other shells.

H

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons. The

electrons which contribute towards a covalent bond, are found in the outer shells

of the atoms. Usually each atom contributes one electron, but some atoms can

react to make multiple covalent bonds.

What are covalent bonds?

H

Each fluorine atom has 7 electrons in
the outer shell. Each atom needs to
achieve a full outer shell of 8. They
can each contribute one electron to a
covalent bond. Sharing the electrons,

means both atoms now have a full
outer shell and a simple covalent

molecule is made.

Flourine

F

F

Water is made of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom. Oxygen has 6

electrons in its outer shell and needs to

achieve 8 to make a full outer shell.

Each hydrogen has 1 electron and needs

to achieve 2 to have a full shell.

Two covalent bonds can be formed to

make the simple covalent water

molecule.

Water

O

H

H

Fluorine has 7 electrons in its outer

shell and needs to achieve 8 to have a

full outer shell. Hydrogen has one

electron. As this electron is in the first

shell, hydrogen needs to achieve 2
electrons to have a full shell. The

simple covalent molecule of hydrogen
fluoride is made by sharing electrons.

Hydrogen
fluoride

F
H

Simple covalent substances can not
conduct electricity. This is because
charged particles and free movement
are required for electrical conduction

to occur. Covalent bonds are fixed
and the electrons can not move.

Conduction

Covalent bonds are very strong but
there are weak intermolecular forces

between molecules which do not

require a lot of thermal energy to be

overcome. This means that simple
covalent substance have low melting
points and are often liquid or gas at

room temperature.

Melting Point

Cl

Cl

Cl
Cl

Cl
Cl

Covalent Bonding

The end of the presentation

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