IGCSE-Economic Activity 2-Clark Fisher and Location of industry

Open Ended

Describe the distribution of economic development

​Lesson Objectives

​

• To identify the different employment structures within the Clark-Fisher Model and their characteristics.

• To explain how and why employment structures change as a country develops,

• To evaluate the relevance of the Clark-Fisher Model in explaining current global employment trends.

Match

Match the following

• How a country's labour force is distributed across sectors.

• Employment structure offers valuable insights into a nation's economy.

• Typically, a higher proportion in tertiary/quaternary sectors.

• Typically, a higher proportion in the primary sector.

• How jobs are divided into Primary, Secondar, Teriatry etc

Employment Structure

Economic Indicator

HIC

LIC

Economic Sector

• Employment Structure

• Economic Indicator

• HIC

• LIC

• Economic Sector

​Changes over time

​ •A country’s economic structure changes over time

•As it develops it moves from pre-industry (LICs) to post-industrial (HICs)

•This can be seen clearly in the Clarke-Fischer Model…

​Pre-Industrial Phase

​•The primary sector is dominant, often employing more than two-thirds of the workforce, with agriculture as the main activity.

​The Industrial Phase

​•Here the secondary and tertiary sectors experience increased productivity. As they grow, the primary sector's significance diminishes. While the secondary sector reaches its peak, it typically does not employ more than half of the workforce.

​Post-Industrial Phase

​The tertiary sector becomes the most prominent sector in the economy. The primary and secondary sectors continue to decline in relative importance. Additionally, the emergence of the quaternary sector becomes noticeable.

Labelling

1. Primary

2. secondary

3. tertiary

4. quaternary

5. Traditional farming economies (e.g., Ethiopia)

6. Rapidly developing countries (e.g., India)

7. Advanced economies (e.g., UK, USA)

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

2

3

6

4

1

5

7

​Draw the Clark Fisher Model

Match

Match to the correct section of the Clark Fisher

A

C

B

C

• A

• C

• B

• C

​ We can show this data in another way…

​Triangular Graphs

​

A triangular graph is a special type of graph shaped like an equilateral triangle. It has three axes, one on each side of the triangle. To plot a point, you use the values from all three axes and place the point on the grid.

​ In this example, the point shows: A = 59% B = 34% C = 7%

​

When you plot many points, you might notice patterns or groups of points (called clusters). These clusters can show a connection between places and certain features. To make the clusters stand out, you can draw circles around them on the graph.

Open Ended

What percentage of each sector does the green country have?

What type of country is it?

​Answers

​Primary: 82%
Secondary: 4%
Tertiary: 14%

Open Ended

What percentage of each sector does the blue country have?

What type of country is it?

​Answers

​Primary: 23%
Secondary: 21%
Tertiary: 52%

Open Ended

What percentage of each sector does the red country have?

What type of country is it?

​Answers

​Primary: 2%
Secondary: 22%
Tertiary: 76%

Match

Match the job to the industry

• Designer of AI

• Hospital worker

• Miner

• Jeans factory worker

quaternary

tertiary

primary

secondary

• quaternary

• tertiary

• primary

• secondary

​Lesson Objectives

​

• To identify the different employment structures within the Clark-Fisher Model and their characteristics.

• To explain how and why employment structures change as a country develops,

• To evaluate the relevance of the Clark-Fisher Model in explaining current global employment trends.

Multiple Choice

What are the percentages for the red dot?

• 40% 20% 40%

• 60% 10% 30%

• 80% 10% 10%

• 20% 10% 50%

​

Every industry, whether a mine, factory or shop is found in a particular place for a reason.  These reasons are called LOCATION FACTORS.

These can be described as the needs of the activity.

​Factors affecting the location of economic activities

Open Ended

What factors affect the location of industries?

​

Economic activities will be most profitable where their needs are met best.

Raw materials

Cheap land

Customers

Good transport links

Infrastructure

Employees

Amenities

Market

Machinery 

​Physical Factors

​ •Raw materials – the bulkier and heavier these are to transport, the nearer a factory should be located to the raw materials.  This was even more important in times when transport was less developed.

•Power (energy) – this is needed to work the machines in the factory.  Early industry needed to be sited near to fast-flowing rivers or coal reserves, but, today, electricity can be transported long distances.

•Natural routes – in the days before the railway, car or lorry, transport was by river or horse and cart, so flat areas and river valleys were essential.

•Site and Land – although early industry did not take up much space at first, it did need flat land for building.  As the size of the factories increased, more land was needed.  Ideally such sites were on low-quality Farmland as it cost less.

​ •Labour – factories, and some other sectors of the industry need large numbers of workers.  Others needed skilled employees e.g. technology-based industries often need university graduates.

•Capital (money) – early industry depended on wealthy people willing to risk their own money but investment now also comes from banks and governments.

•Markets – the size and the location of markets has become more important than the source of raw materials.

•Transport – costs increase when the items being moved are bulky, fragile, or heavy, or lose quality quickly.

​Human Factors

​

•Government policies – as governments tend to control most wealth, they can influence industrial location by giving grants to help certain parts of their country.

•Improved technology – IT, email, internet connection

•Leisure facilities – in the town and countryside, leisure facilities for employees are becoming more important.
•Economies of scale – small units may become unprofitable and so merge with, or are taken over by, larger firms.

​Human Activities

Match

Match the factor to the

• Land with suitable soil and climatic conditions. Good water access. Proximity to market or factory

• Raw materials for steel, ship building and chemicals. A supply of energy. Good transport links for assembly and distribution

• Less reliant of raw materials, needs lots of energy and availability of skilled labour. e.g. food processing, making electrical goods

• Proximity to customers and a strong workforce

• Highly skilled workforce, access to latest research and university.

Commercial farming

Heavy Industry

Light Industry

Retail

Research and Design

• Commercial farming

• Heavy Industry

• Light Industry

• Retail

• Research and Design

Open Ended

What are the differences between heavy and light industry?

​Central Business District CBD

​The CBD is the heart of the city where land is the most expensive and competition for space is high. This is because it is the most accessible area, with good transport links like bus and train stations that attract people from the whole city and even beyond. It has a large sphere of influence, meaning people are willing to travel far to use its shops, services, and offices. Buildings here are often tall to make the most of the limited land.

Open Ended

What kind of industry is in the CBD? Why?

​This zone is just outside the CBD and often contains older housing and small industries. Land values here are lower than in the CBD but still relatively high due to its proximity to the city center. Accessibility is good, so many people live here, but housing is often densely packed (e.g., terraced housing). You might also find some areas of redevelopment, such as modern apartments or regenerated industrial spaces.

​Inner Urban Ring

Open Ended

Is the inner urban ring good for industry?

​Suburban ring

​The suburban ring lies further out from the city center. It is made up of newer, more spacious housing, often with gardens, making it popular for families. Land values are lower here than in the inner city because it’s less central, but it is still accessible due to transport links like roads and railways. The sphere of influence is smaller than the CBD, as the suburbs mainly serve local residents rather than attracting people from far away.

​The urban fringe is the edge of the city, where urban areas meet the countryside. Land here is the cheapest because it’s furthest from the CBD and less accessible. This zone often has out-of-town shopping centers and business parks because land is more affordable for large developments, and there’s plenty of space. However, these areas still attract people due to good road access (e.g., motorways). You’ll also find green belts here—protected areas of countryside designed to prevent urban sprawl.

​Urban Fringe

Open Ended

For the 4 industries, choose the best location for them and explain why.

Open Ended

Answer the exam question

​Toyota UK located their factory here for many reasons. The first reason is it is located close to a vast road network, including the motorway M1. This means that it is easy to transport the materials needed to manufacture the cars to the factory. It also means that the cars can be transported easily to where they will be sold. If the factory was located somewhere without good transport infrastructure, this could make it more expensive to do these things, which would mean Toyota make less profit.

Another reason is that it is close to Derby, an urban area. Lots of people live in Derby, and this means there are lots of people that Toyota can employ to work at their factory. If the factory was not located near an urban area, people would be less likely to want to work there, as it would mean they would have to travel a long way to get to work. There is also a nearby market to sell the goods.

​Model Answer

​Lesson Objectives

​

• To identify the different employment structures within the Clark-Fisher Model and their characteristics.

• To explain how and why employment structures change as a country develops,

• To evaluate the relevance of the Clark-Fisher Model in explaining current global employment trends.

Homework

​ Study Figure 1c in the Resource Booklet. Analyse the reasons for changes in primary and quaternary employment. (8)

​ TIPS: Remember there are 4 marks for using the information in the figure and 4 marks for the analysis.

If you do not refer to the figure you will in effect be losing half the marks.

To analyse means to not only describe the change but compare and say why they change over time.

Open Ended

Study Figure 1c in the Resource Booklet. Analyse the reasons for changes in primary and quaternary employment. (8)

The Clark-Fisher Model (Figure 1c) shows how employment in the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors changes as countries develop. At the early stage of development, a large percentage of people work in primary employment (e.g., farming and fishing) because economies rely on natural resources. This is shown in the model, where the primary sector has the highest proportion of jobs at the pre-industrial stage.

For example, in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, most people are farmers as they lack the technology for industrial work. This reliance on farming decreases as countries develop. The model shows this decline during the industrial and post-industrial stages. This happens because of advancements in technology, like tractors, which make farming more efficient and reduce the need for manual labour. For example, in the UK, only 1% of workers are in farming today because machines have replaced human labour.

At the same time, the model highlights a rise in the quaternary sector during the post-industrial stage. This is because more developed economies invest in education and research, leading to more jobs in high-tech industries. For example, Singapore has focused on biotechnology and IT, creating many quaternary jobs. Globalization also supports this trend. In India, for example, cities like Bengaluru are hubs for IT services, showing how quaternary jobs grow as countries develop.

The Clark-Fisher Model clearly highlights these shifts. It shows that primary jobs decrease as countries become wealthier, while quaternary jobs grow significantly.[AO3: This pattern is driven by technology, education, and globalization, which all shape employment structures in different stages of development.

​Highlight
AO3: Analysis

AO4: Skills-referring to the figure