Gene Regulation and Mutation Lesson

Gene Regulations and Mutations

• Transcription- inside the nucleus mRNA copies a gene that codes for a protein

• Translation- in the ribosome the mRNA is translated (using tRNA) into amino acid chain

• the polypeptide chain folds creating a protein

Gene regulation and mutation

​Mutation – change in DNA sequence

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Mutations can be induced by a multitude of environmental factors

• Radiation

• Chemicals

• Infectious Diseases​

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Multiple Choice

In genetic …………………is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome

• Mutation

• Segregation

• Both

• None

​Mutation Deletion

Deletion mutation – one or more nucleotides is removed from a DNA sequence​

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Deletion mutations cause frameshift (the entire amino acid sequence is altered past the deletion)

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**count the #of nucleotides*​

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​Mutation Insertion

Insertion mutation – one or more nucleotides is added to a DNA sequence​

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Insertion mutations cause frameshift also (the entire amino acid sequence is altered past the deletion)

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**count the #of nucleotides*​

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​Mutation ISubstitution

Substitution mutation – one or more nucleotides is substituted for different nucleotides in a DNA sequence​

Do not cause frameshift

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Silent mutations: the mutation does not affect the sequence of amino acids

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Multiple Choice

The model shows a mutation to a partial sequence of bases in a gene. Which type of mutation does the model demonstrate?

• DELETION

• INSERTION

• SUBSTITUTION

• TRANSLOCATION

Chromosomal mutation

​Chromosomal Mutations- a large scale change

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in a specific section of the DNA 🡪

causes a protein to malfunction

causes a different protein to be made

​Details

Gene mutation vs. Chromosomal mutation ​

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small, like the single change in a nucleotide/nitrogen base

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large, like an entire chromosome

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​Mutation afffects

​Disadvantages

• Diseases (Sickle Cell)

• Cancer

• Disabilities (Down Syndrome)

Advantageous

• Super taster (TAS2R38)

• ​Unbreakable bones (LRP5)

Neutral

• have no impact​

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What affects Genetic Variation?

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Sequence of nitrogenous bases
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Sequence of nucleotide

​Mutation

Can you find the change?

-Turn and talk

​1. One kind of DNA change that is interesting is...
Un tipo de cambio en el ADN que es interesante es...

2. Can you tell me about different DNA mutations, like...
¿Me puedes explicar sobre diferentes cambios en el ADN, como...

3. When we talk about how DNA changes affect things, I've noticed that...
Cuando hablamos de cómo los cambios en el ADN afectan las cosas, he notado que...

Multiple Choice

6E: The survival of a species depends on its ability to adapt to changes in the environment. A species must be capable of surviving and reproducing despite changes to food sources, climate, or threats from predators. Which statement correctly describes a way that mutations increase the likelihood that a species will survive in a changing environment?

• Mutations are a source of variation in the species

• Mutations are the cause of disease in the species

• Mutations are not harmful when they occur in the somatic cells of the species

• Mutations are always passed on to subsequent generations of the species

Multiple Choice

Which shows a substitution mutation:

Original DNA: TTACATGG

• TTAGATGG

• TTAACATGG

• TTACAGG

• TTACATGG

Multiple Choice

Which shows a insertion mutation from the following DNA strand:

GATCATGTA

• GATCATCTA

• GATCATGGTA

• GATATGTA

• GATCATGTA

Multiple Choice

Which shows a deletion mutation from the following DNA sequence

CGTAAGATC

• CGTAGATC

• CGTAAGAATC

• CGTAGGATC

• CGTAAGATC

Multiple Choice

6E: A certain mutation in the gene for hemoglobin results in the red blood cells becoming sticky, rigid, and irregularly shaped. These irregularly shaped red blood cells block the flow of blood throughout the body. A single base mutation is responsible for these irregularly shaped blood cells. Which of these mutations most likely results in the mutated hemoglobin?

• Insertion

• Deletion

• Duplication

• Substitution

Multiple Choice

Which of the following would result in a frameshift mutation?

• Insertions only

• Substitution only

• Deletion only

• Insertions and Deletions