coherence and cohesion

Strategies

•   Read the text quickly.  This way you will get an idea of what the text is about.  At this stage, you should try to ignore the gaps. 

• Identify contrasting elements in the missing sentence. Go back to the passage and find sentences that indicate a transition is coming.

• Underline reference words (e.g. this, it, they), linking words (e.g. however, additionally), lexical links between sentences (synonyms) as you read through the gapped paragraph and the missing sentence 

• Read the sentence before the gap, the sentence you chose and the following sentences in order, after choosing an answer.  They should sound correct together.

Multiple Choice

Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.

Like raw vegans, fruitarians avoid animal products and generally avoid cooked foods. Some raw food supporters argue that high temperatures destroy the beneficial enzymes, vitamins, and minerals present in raw plants. ______ However, even though raw vegans may eat plant-based fats and proteins such as those found in avocados, nuts, or legumes, many fruitarians explicitly avoid consuming fats and protein. Instead, many fruitarians follow a version of the 80/10/10 plan. This diet recommends that 80 percent of an individual's daily caloric intake should come from carbohydrates, 10 percent from proteins, and 10 percent from fats.

• This diet of primarily raw fruits will ensure sufficient protein and fat intake.

• Others suggest that cooked foods contain chemical by-products that are toxic to the body.

• The research claims correlations between meat eating and cancer.

• Fruitarianism is a form of veganism, and it is referred to as a high-carb, low fat veganism.

Multiple Choice

Choose the correct option to fill in the blank

Some doctors have started to research diets that coincide with particular blood types. _____. For example, individuals with type O blood are recommended to eat lots of food that are high in protein. In order to lose weight, spinach, red meat, seafood, and broccoli are suggested while dairy should be avoided. Those with type A blood are recommended to avoid meat and place an emphasis on turkey, tofu, and fruit while weight loss is contingent on eating a diet that consists primarily of soy, seafood, and vegetables. Individuals with type B and AB blood also have their own dietary restrictions and recommendations.

• These diets attempt to match people with their common dietary needs based on their blood type.

• One of the primary effects of this diet is that it reduces the intake of cholesterol and saturated fat.

• The diet includes a selection of healthy fats, lean protein, as well as good carbs

• This diet has been proven to help with depression, in addition to controlling blood sugar levels.

Multiple Choice

Choose the correct option to fill in the blank

Low-energy diets have been researched more than any others. A substantial amount of high-quality scientific evidence indicates that they may be effective in decreasing body weight—at least initially. In addition, the people who lose weight on these diets may improve their blood lipid levels and decrease their blood pressure. However, recently published results from a trial that followed almost 50,000 US women for seven years indicate that, contrary to established beliefs, this type of diet does not result in a significant long-term weight loss. _________ Many limitations affected the study findings, however and more research needs to be done before we are able to determine the long-term effectiveness of higher-carbohydrate diets on weight loss and disease risks.

• Weight loss occurs when energy intake is lower than energy expenditure.

• It does not reduce the risks for breast cancer or cardiovascular disease, either.

•  They advise participants to lower carbohydrate, balance fat and protein.

• The goal is gradual weight loss, 1-2 kg of body weight per week.