PHS - Ch. 9 Body Systems for Support & Movement (Slides 13-22)

PHS - Ch. 9 Body Systems for Support & Movement (Slides 13-22)

1. Skeletal System

2. Types of Bones

3. Divisions of the Skeleton

4. Types of Joints

5. Diseases & Conditions of Skeletal system

The Skeletal System

​Includes bones, joints, and cartilage

• Bones work with the muscular, circulatory, nervous, and digestive systems to provide:

• Major Functions:

  • Support

  • Protection

  • Movement

  • Store minerals and fat

  • Enables red and white blood cell production

Parts of a Bone

• Periosteum: Thin membrane that surrounds the bones

• Compact bone is the dense, strong outer layer of bones,

• Spongy bone, is the lighter, porous inner layer with a honeycomb-like structure

• Epiphysis: knob at the end of a bone, made up of spongy tissue

• Diaphysis: long bone shaft, covered with compact bone

• Medullary Cavity: Hollow center of the bone that stores fat-rich yellow bone marrow

• Cartilage: cushions bones at joints

• Collagen: provides structure, support, and strength for the skeletal system

Major Organs

• Bones: Spongy bone and compact bone

• Bone Marrow

  • Red bone marrow: Where red blood cells are produced

  • Yellow bone marrow: Stores fat-rich yellow bone marrow

• Blood vessels

• Cartilage

• Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) & Osteoclasts (breakdown old/ damaged bone cells)

• Ligaments & Tendons

​Major Organs

Ligaments & Tendons

• Ligaments:

  • Ligaments are straps of connective tissue that hold bones together at the joints and keep joints from moving the wrong way

• Tendons:

  • A tough, fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone for joint movement

Bone Development

Bones begin as tough, rubbery cartilage; collagen fibers in the cartilage give it strength and structure for making bones

• Osteoblasts: Special cells that help build new bone.

• Osteoclasts: Cells that break down old bone. When you exercise, your bones get stressed, which helps them rebuild stronger by adding more calcium.

• Ossification: The process of taking calcium from food and using it to make bones strong.

• Maximum bone density occurs by age 25; by age 40, bone loss begins

• White females are most at risk for developing osteoporosis "loss of bone mass"

• Osteoporosis weakens the bones so they break easily

Types of Bones

• Flat bones protect, like a shell (ex: the sternum)

• Long bones add strength and can bear weight (ex: the femur)

• Short bones are useful as bridges (ex: the carpals and tarsals of the wrist)

• Irregular bones are complex shapes that provide surfaces for tendons and ligaments to attach to (ex: vertebrae)

Divisions of the Skeleton

• Axial skeleton (center axis)

  • is formed by the skull, spine, and rib cage.

  • The axial skeleton provides protection.

• Appendicular skeleton (appendages)

  • Consists of the arms and legs, including the shoulder girdle, and hip bones (pelvic girdle)

  • The appendicular skeleton allows movement.

Types of Joints

• Diarthroses(synovial joints) are the most freely movable; enclosed in bursa of synovial fluid

• Amphiarthroses are partially movable

  • Vertebrae

• Synarthroses are fused, immovable joints

  • Skull, sacrum

Types of Joints (Cont.)

• Ball-and-socket joints provide widest range of motion (ex: hip and shoulder)

• Condylar joints move in the shape of an ellipse rather than a full circle (ex: wrist and fingers)

• Hinge joints open and close (ex: elbow and jaw)

Problems with Bones and Joints

• Arthritis: swelling and pain that occurs in joints when cartilage wears out

• Bursitis: pain caused by inflammation of the joint capsule

• Herniated disk: occurs when the soft center of a disk in the spine bulges out between the vertebrae

• Dislocations

• Fractures

• Other conditions include scoliosis and osteogenesis imperfecta

Critical Thinking

Describe the different types of fractures.

• Greenstick: only one side of the bone breaks

• Stress: incomplete break

• Comminuted: complete break that splinters the bone

• Spiral: caused by twisting a bone

• Compound: where the broken bone pierces the skin, exposing it to the outside environment. 

Technology and Treatments

• Technology/Treatments

  • Arthroscopy: Process of viewing a joint

  • Arthroplasty: Joint Replacement

  • Prostheses: Artificial limbs

  • Braces and casting

  • Orthopedic Surgery: Broken bones, joint problems, ACL reconstruction, etc.

Related Careers

• Orthopedic surgeon: Diagnose, treat, and perform surgery on conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system, which includes bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

• Prosthetist: Makes custom built artificial limbs

• Chiropractor: Performs spinal adjustments

Multiple Select

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

• Providing structural support and shape to the body

• Producing blood cells in the bone marrow

• Storing minerals like calcium and phosphorus

• Generating electrical impulses to move muscles

• Protecting vital organs like the brain and heart

Multiple Choice

Which type of joint provides the widest range of motion?

• Hinge Joint

• Ball-and-Socket Joint

• Condylar Joint

• Synarthrosis

Multiple Choice

Which skeletal division protects the body's central axis and consists of the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage?

• Appendicular Skeleton

• Axial Skeleton

• Pectoral Girdle

• Pelvic Girdle

Multiple Choice

Which skeletal division consists of the appendages (arms and legs,) pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle?

• axial skeleton

• appendicular skeleton

• thoracic cage

• cranium

Multiple Choice

What is a common symptom of arthritis?

• Increased flexibility

• Swelling and pain in joints

• Improved range of motion

• Muscle growth

Multiple Choice

Which group is statistically most at risk for developing osteoporosis?

• Asian males

• African American females

• White females

• Hispanic males