reading tufel

The European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C. to 2700 B.C.) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age. This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago). Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia. The Maglemose Period (7500–5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging. The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700–4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebølle Period (4600–3200 B.C.) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.

By MUHAMMAD RAMADHAN

Multiple Choice

1  What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about human life in Mesolithic Scandinavia?

• People tended to live in smaller groups during the Ertebølle Period than during earlier    Mesolithic periods

   

• The areas where it was advantageous to live changed over time as a result of environmental changes.

• Human groups were less affected by environmental change during the Maglemose Period than during the Kongemose Period

•  During most of the Mesolithic, people were more dependent on terrestrial food sources than other food sources.

Multiple Choice

Why does the author mention "the aggersund site in denmark" and its brief periods of occupation?

• To suggest that the supply of year-round food sources near earlier settlement sites had nearly disappeared

• To give an example of a small, temporary coastal site that took advantage of seasonal food sources

• To give an example of a small, temporary coastal site that took advantage of seasonal food sources

• D.  To highlight the fact that none of the Denmark camps were able to be occupied year- round

Multiple Choice

Paragraph 2 suggests that before the Ertebølle Period, hunting tools and other Mesolithic technologies

• were available only in small coastal sites

• were developed mainly in Denmark

• were made mainly from animal bones

• were some what simple

Multiple Choice

The word "exploiting" in the passage is closest in meaning to

• calling attention to

• focusing on

• taking advantage of

• searching for

Multiple Choice

According to paragraph 3, the existence of cemeteries in Mesolithic Scandinavia is associated with

• increased social complexity

• problems in obtaining sufficient food

• a dramatically increasing population

• A trend toward reduced dependence on the food sources provided by hunter-gatherers

Multiple Choice

 The phrase "confined to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

• adapted to

• limited to

• expanded to

• located next to

Multiple Choice

According to paragraph 4, how were Mesolithic societies in central Europe able to meet their food needs for much of the year?

• By finding new opportunities for coastal adaptations wherever they could

• By keeping their base camps in dense forests with plenty of forest game

• By setting in areas that provided both predictable food resources and access to different kinds of environments

• By hunting farther and farther from their central base camps each dayBy hunting farther and farther from their central base camps each day

Multiple Choice

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information

• Because of favorable conditions in southern Scandinavia and the social complexity of their societies, hunter-gatherer societies did not adapt to farming until economic change required it.

• When farming came to Europe and became common, hunter-gatherer societies finally achieved high levels of social complexity

• Social complexity was common in the societies of southern Scandinavia but was less common in other areas where farming came later.

• Hunter-gatherer societies in southern Scandinavia achieved a new level of social complexity, and this allowed them to quickly achieve economic and social change when farming was introduced.

Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples of theArchaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of cultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In both areas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods. By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certain native plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder; and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet

The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” is not used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period

elsewhere in the world.

Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of the continent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there is little evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticated foods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather than for food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were all weedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form around human settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almost domesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, because ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant food and had detailed knowledge of plants

Multiple Choice

The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?

• The principal sources of food that made up their diet

• Their development of ground stone tool technology

• Their development of agriculture

• Their distribution of work between men and women

Multiple Choice

The word “these” in line 13 refers to

• seeds

• river valleys

• the Midwest and the Southeast

• experimentation and domestication

Multiple Choice

According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North

America?

• 7,000 years ago

• 4,000 to 2,000 years ago

• Long after the Neolithic period

• Before the Archaic period

Multiple Choice

The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

• sufficient

• healthful

• varied

• dependable

Multiple Choice

According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for the

cultivation of plants in eastern North America?

• Lack of enough wild food sources

• The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements

• Provision of work for an increasing population

• Desire for the consistent availability of food

Multiple Choice

The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

• in addition to

• instead of

• as a replacement

• such as

Multiple Choice

The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order toexplain the medicinal use of a plant

• contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritional value

• explain the medicinal use of a plant

• clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down

• provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate

Multiple Choice

The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to

• stayed

• originated

• grew well

• died out

Multiple Choice

According to the passage, which of the following is true about all early domesticated

plants?

• They were varieties of weeds.

• They were moved from disturbed areas

• They succeeded in areas with many trees

• They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.

Multiple Choice

According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who began cultivating

plants were

• medical workers

• leaders of ceremonies

• women

• hunters

Multiple Choice

What does the passage mainly discuss?

• The mass migration of ants

• How ants mark and follow a chemical trail

• Different species of ants around the world

• The information contained in pheromones

Multiple Choice

The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

• look up

• walk toward

• revolve around

• search for food

Multiple Choice

The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to

• periodically

• incorrectly

• rapidly

• roughly

Multiple Choice

The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single

• message

• dead ant

• food trail

• species

Multiple Choice

According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones

• To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals

• To attract different types of ants

• To protect their trail from other species

• To indicate how far away the food is

Multiple Choice

The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out

• how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail

• the different types of pheromones ants can produce

• a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world

• that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone

Multiple Choice

According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?

• They concentrate on the smell of food

• They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail

• They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line

• They sense the vapor through their antennae

Multiple Choice

The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

• include

• provide

• cover

• select

Multiple Choice

According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found

• in the receptors of the ants

• just above the trail

• in the source of food

• under the soil along the trail

The Quakers, also called the Society of Friends, are a Christian group that arose in the mid-17th century in England and the American colonies. Quakerism came into being in England on or around 1652, when George Fox began to organize converts to preach his doctrine of "God in every man". The Friends were silent at their meetings, waiting for the "inward light". They believed people should sense God inside of themselves, without church buildings, appointed preachers, written liturgy, or many of the outward trappings associated with Christianity.

The Society of Friends is part of the left wing of the 17th -century English Puritan movement; in America, Quakers were persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official persecuted by Puritans. Quakers experienced much official persecution, including imprisonment and execution, for their belief that worship of God should be very personal. The term "Quaker" may refer to their penchant for "quaking" during religious

services, or it may be a derogatory reference to supposed Quaker cowardliness and belief in pacifism.

Quakerism in the American colonies existed mainly in the northeast. The American Quaker population surged after 1682 when Quaker William Penn founded the state of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and a "holy experiment" in religious toleration. Quakers were prominent and powerful in the Pennsylvania state government in the period before the American Revolution. During and after the Revolution, Friends themselves with the plight of Native Americans. They also worked with escaped slaves and for the abolition of slavery. They continued to be known for their

efforts at social reform.

Multiple Choice

In which of the following publications would this passage be most likely to appear?

• an anthology of English literature

• an introductory American history book

• a book about Eastern religions

• a basic math textbook

Multiple Choice

The word 'their' in line 4 refers to:

• trappings

• preachers

• religious services

• the Friends

Multiple Choice

The word 'persecuted' in line 10 in closest in meaning to:

• scrutinized

• lauded

• harassed

• believed

Multiple Choice

Where in the passage does the author give an example of Quaker involvement in

social issues?

• lines 3 - 4

• lines 9 - 10

• lines 16 - 17

• lines 19 - 20

Multiple Choice

Which of the following would be an example of "the outward trappings associated

with Christianity" referred to in lines 6 - 7?

• clergy

• silent, leaderless worship

• concern for social reform

• the doctrine of "God in every man

Multiple Choice

It can be inferred from the passage that early Quakers experienced official

persecution because:

• they were known for "quaking" during religious services

• they helped found the state of Pennsylvania

• they came to America from England

• their religious beliefs were considered subversive

Multiple Choice

Why does the author mention 'execution' in line 11?

• It is an example of the persecution Quakers faced

• it is an outward trapping of Christianity

• This serves as an example of William Penn's policies

• Many religions were concerned with this issue

Multiple Choice

The paragraph after this passage would most likely be about

• the decline of the Quaker population since World War I

• The similarities and differences between Quakers and Puritans

• Ways in which Quakers today show concern for others

• Social reforms enacted by Quakers during American Revolution

Multiple Choice

From the passage, it can be inferred that the Puritans were:

• Friends

• persecuted

• intolerant

• executed

Multiple Choice

The word 'penchant' in the line 12 most nearly means

• appreciation

• propensity

• disinclination

• proposition

Multiple Choice

Why did the American Quaker population surge after William Penn founded

Pennsylvania?

• Pennsylvania tolerated the Quaker religion

• Pennsylvania forbade religions other than Quakerism

• The Pennsylvania government tried to help escaped slaves

• Social reform was important to most Americans