AP Human Geography Economic Sectors

UNIT 2 HUMAN GEO: SECTIONS 3 AND 4 - POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS.

Learning Objective:

I can analyze and describe different types of economic and political systems.

Success Criteria: I GOT IT.....

1. When I can breakdown autocratic, democratic, theocratic, and oligarchic government systems.

2. When I can describe traditional, market, and mixed economies.

3. When I can tell the difference between primary, economic, tertiary, and quaternary economic systems.

Section 3: Government

• Governments can fall into 3 categories:

• Unitary: Federal government holds all
authority and power

• Confederal: Local governments hold
most power but give central
government specific power

• Federal: Local and Federal government
share power and responsibilities

Multiple Choice

Which government would you choose if you want one central government to have the most power?

• Federal

• Confederal

• Unitary

Multiple Choice

Which government would you choose if you want both national laws and state laws to exist?

• Federal

• Confederal

• Unitary

Multiple Choice

What kind of government is the United States?

• Unitary

• Confederal

• Federal

Government

• Autocracy-political system where the ruler
inherits the throne by birth or military power.
Citizens do not have a right to decide laws.

• Examples: Monarchy, Dictatorship, Fascism
• Countries:

• Jordan- Monarchy
• Nazi Germany- Fascism
• N. Korea- Communist Dictator

His Majesty King Abdullah II ibn Al Hussein
– King of Jordan

Government

• Dictators can use their armies to arrest or
attack protesters.

• Dictators often promise a better life,
especially for the poor.

• Many countries have never had democracy,
so they are used to having dictators.

• Some dictators get support from other
countries, such as Soviet Union’s support
for Fidel Castro in Cuba

Miguel Díaz-Canel - President of
Cuba

Government

• Oligarchy - political system where a small
group of people hold/share power. Gain
power through wealth, military power,
social status

• Citizens have little-to-no say in government
• Examples: Communism, Military Junta
• Countries:

• Thailand- Military Junta
• China- Communist Party

Government

• Theocracy- political system where
Religion is the source of power
(usually oligarchy). Ruler usually
believed to be divinely inspired.
Citizens do not have a right to
decide laws.

• Countries:

• Vatican City- Ruled by the Catholic
Church and Pope

• Iran- Islamic Republic of Iran

Government

• Democracy- political system where
leaders rule with consent of the people.
Citizens have a say in the laws and
politics

• Can be Direct or Representative.

• Direct - Everyone votes on every issue.
• Representative - Vote for
representatives to make decisions, also
known as a republic

• Countries: United States, England

Government

• State- an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal
and external affairs. Another word for state is “country”

• Nation- refers to a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a
strong sense of unity.

• When a nation and a state occupy the same territory, it is called a nation-state.
• A nation without a territory is called a stateless nation.

• Countries are usually divided into smaller groups to make governing them easier (States,
Counties, Cities).

• Countries can join each other to form international political, military, or economic units – The
United Nations has 200 members

Government

• Boundaries or borders set the limits of the territory
controlled by a state. Within its borders the state can collect
taxes, set a legal code, declare an official language, and
claim all of the resources found

• Types of Boundaries:

• Natural Boundaries = physical features of land – rivers, lakes,
or mountains

• Artificial Boundaries = fixed line – generally follows latitude
and longitude lines

• Cultural Boundary- Separate areas with cultural differences
(ie. language, religion). Boundaries be reasons for conflict

Section 4: Economics, Economic Systems, &
Economic Activity

• Economics- The study of how goods and services are
produced, distributed, and consumed.

• The people who make goods or services are called
“producers”. The people who buy goods or services
are called “consumers”.

• Economy- consists of the production and exchange
of goods and services among a group of people
operate on a local, regional, national, or international
level

• Economic System- the way people produce and
exchange goods and services

Economic Systems

• Traditional Economy- Habit and custom
determine the rules for all economic activity.
goods and services are traded without
exchanging money-also called “bartering”

• People find food for themselves and trade for
needed goods. No companies or governments
involved.

• This system is found among herders or small
farmers

Multiple Choice

What economic system has the most government control?

• traditional

• free market

• command

• mixed

Economic Systems

• Market Economy - People own companies
and decide what to produce to make
consumers happy. Sometimes called
“capitalism” or “free-enterprise system”

• Capitalism = private ownership of business
and property functioning to make a profit.

• Free Market = Prices are set by businesses,
supply and demand, competition, etc.
without government interference

• Most are MIXED ECONOMIES - Gov’t has
some say but businesses are privately
owned

Multiple Choice

In which government system does the government have a "hands off: or "laiszez-faire" approach to the economy?

• command

• traditional

• free market

• mixed

Economic Systems

• Command Economy- government
owns or directs means of
production (land, labor, capital,
managers) and makes economic
decisions about what should be
produced, how the goods should
be produced, and for whom.

• Examples: socialism and
communism

Workers arrive at a factory in the old Soviet Union in 1929.

Multiple Choice

In which economic system do societies make goods based on tradition?

• traditional

• command

• mixed

• free market

Economic Systems

In socialism, the government runs some
industries, such as oil, and uses profits to
pay for health care, education. Ex.
Venezuela

In communism, the government runs all
industries, owns all property, sets wages,
and prices, and people must do as they
are told. Ex. North Korea

Former President of Venezuela Hugo Chavez

Multiple Choice

An economy where economic decisions are made by individuals, and individuals and businesses own most of the businesses and farms

• Mixed Economy

• Market Economy

• Traditional Economy

• Command Economy

Multiple Choice

What type of economy do most countries in the world have?

• Market economy

• Command economy

• Traditional economy

• Mixed economy

Economic Activity

Primary Economic activity: economic base for
most developing countries. This involves
production and retrieval of natural resources.
Ex: Fishing, Farming, mining

Secondary Economic Activity: Economic
basis for developed & some developing
countries. Includes production of
finished products. Ex: manufacturing, of
vehicles, furniture, clothing

Economic Activity

Tertiary Economic Activity: Found in all
countries but found widespread in developed
countries. Service Driven and delivery of
intangible value. EX: retail, healthcare,
hospitality, business services

Quaternary Economic Activity: Usually found in
highly organized developed countries that have
become dominated by the computer
revolution. Services that are knowledge
intensive. EX: Business outsourcing,
Information Technology, Consulting

Multiple Choice

Identify the level of economic activity: selling furniture

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

• Quaternary

Multiple Choice

Identify the level of economic activity: making furniture

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

• Quaternary

Multiple Choice

Identify the level of economic activity: Fish Farming

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

• Quaternary