Cell Organelles and Biomolecules

Cell Organelles

All Cells Have:

• Plasma/Cell Membrane

• Cytoplasm (organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol)

• DNA

• Ribosomes

Structures that are Unique to Plant Cells

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Large Central Vacuole

Chloroplasts

• Found only in plant cells

• Site of photosynthesis

• Chloroplasts use energy from the sun to convert it to food molecules for the plant

Cell Wall

• Only in plants

• Provides structure and support for the cell

• Made of cellulose - a tough fiber made out of carbohydrates

Large Central Vacuole

• Filled with water in plants

• Vacuoles are also in animal cells, but they are much smaller and used to transport substances in animal cells.

• Pressure in large plant vacuole allows plants to support heavy structures: leaves & flowers

Animal Cells

Structures that Animal Cells Have that Most Plants Do Not

-Centrioles

-Cilia & Flagella (FYI: some plant cell gametes have these structures)

-Lysosomes - typically more common in animal cells

Centrioles

• Found in animal cells

• Made up of microtubules

• Act as anchors in cell division

Cilia and Flagella

• Short hair like extensions (cilia)

• Or long thread-like extensions used for movement (flagella)

Lysosomes

• Contain digestive enzymes

• Break down worn out cells, food particles, viruses, and bacteria

• "Garbage Disposal" of the cell

Multiple Select

Which of these structures are unique to plant cells?

• Chloroplasts

• Lysosomes

• Large central vacuole

• Flagella

• Cell Wall

Multiple Select

Which of these aid in cell division?

• Cilia

• Lysosomes

• Flagella

• Centrioles

Multiple Choice

Which of these organelles is the "garbage disposal" of the cell?

• Large central vacuole

• Chloroplasts

• Lysosomes

• Centrioles

Organelles that Animal and Plant Cells Have

• Cell membrane

• Nucleus

• Nucleolus

• Nuclear Envelope

• Ribosomes

• Smooth ER

• Rough ER

Organelles that Animal and Plant Cells Have

• Golgi apparatus

• Mitochondria

• Vacuoles - (Large central vacuoles are unique to plant cells)

• Microfilaments

• Microtubules

• Cytoplasm

• Vesicles

Cell Membrane

• Provides protection for the cell

• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell (semi-permeable)

• Made of many phospholipids

Cytoplasm

• Clear gel-like fluid inside the cell

• Protects organelles

Nucleus & Organelles within the Nucleus

• Nucleus: Control center of the cell, contains genetic info (DNA)

• Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes

• Nuclear Envelope: Surrounds nucleus, has tiny holes called nuclear pores which allow transport of certain substances in and out of the cell

Ribosomes (Free & Attached)

• Ribosomes make proteins following instructions that come from the nucleus

• Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm or can be attached to the rough ER

• 
  

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

• Function: Chemically modifies proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

• Does not have ribosomes on it

• Contains special enzymes that make lipids for the cell membrane

• Releases calcium

• Moves substances besides proteins through the cell

• Detoxifies chemicals

Golgi Apparatus

• "Packaging plant" of the cell

• Prepares proteins that are made by ribosomes to leave the cell

• Exports proteins/substances to other parts of cell or out of cell

• #6 on the image on the right is the Golgi

• 
  

Multiple Choice

Click the image to make it bigger. Which number is the nucleus?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

Click the image to make it bigger. Which number is the cytoplasm?

• 8

• 14

• 11

• 12

Mitochondria

• "Power House" of the cell - which means it MAKES ENERGY in the form of ATP

• Provides energy for all of the cell's activities

Multiple Choice

Click the image to make it bigger. Which number is the mitochondria?

• 9

• 13

• 6

• 12

Vacuoles

• Membrane-bound compartments that act as temporary storage site for food, enzymes, and other material needed by the cell

Vacuoles & Vesicles

• Vacuoles: Membrane-bound compartments that act as temporary storage site for food, enzymes, and other material needed by the cell

• Vesicles: Membrane-bound sacs that transport substances out of the cell (Cell "Uber!")

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules and Microfilaments

• "Skeleton" of the cell - made up of tiny rods and filaments

• Give the cell its shape

Multiple Choice

Click the image to make it bigger. Which number is the nucleus?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4