Post-WWII, Civil Rights & Modern GA Review

Post-WWII, Civil Rights, & Modern GA Review

SS8H10, SS8H11, SS8H12

​Technology After WWII

• After WWII, Georgia's agriculture was transformed by industrialization

  • farmers were looking for ways to keep up with the economy & be more efficient

• The improvements made to tractors and other mechanical farming tools in the early 1900s made farming easier and more efficient

  • tractors used after WWII had diesel engines, rubber tires, and were relatively lightweight

  • these improved tractors could be used for most farming tasks and required only one driver, as opposed to a team of farmhands and horses

• Sharecropping & tenant farming died out, as farmers no longer needed them due to the improvements made to the mechanical farm tools

• The number of farms decreased, but farms grew in size and became larger as farmers could cover more land easier

​Population Shift in GA

• Thousands of farm workers left rural areas and headed to cities to look for jobs

  • this caused a huge population shift in GA & other Southern agricultural states

  • This new man power & the explosion of industry in GA set the stage for tremendous growth in GA cities

• Atlanta became a major city

• Between 1940 and 1970, Atlanta fully established itself as the bustling economic hub of Georgia

  • factories and banks expanded along with service industries like finance and insurance

• Atlanta's growth after WWII improved the life for the rest of Georgia too

​Important Atlanta Mayors

• William Hartsfield

  • promoted air transportation and helped locate Atlanta’s first airport

  • directed the building of Georgia’s Interstate Highway System

  • Thanks to improved transportation, Atlanta's population grew tremendously while Hartsfield was mayor from the late 1930s to early 1960s

    • Atlanta became a "transportation hub of the South" & businesses and industries flourished

• Ivan Allen, Jr.

  • improved transportation by developing the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) system

  • brought three professional sports franchises to Atlanta: Atlanta Braves baseball (1966), Atlanta Falcons football (1966), and Atlanta Hawks basketball (1968)

​End of White Primaries in GA

• white primary - a primary election in which only white people could vote

  • white primaries were declared unconstitutional in 1945 by the Supreme Court case King v. Chapman

  • this allowed Blacks to have a vote & say

• The 1946 Governor's Race in GA

  • now that Blacks could vote, white segregationists had a harder time holding office and even worked with the KKK to terrorize voters

  • Eugene Talmadge won, but died before taking office, which led to confusion

  • No one knew who the governor was until the Supreme Court stepped in

Multiple Choice

Spring Benchmark Question Review:

In the 1946 Governor's race, Eugene Talmadge died before taking office. His death led to what became known as the Three Governors Controversy. How was the governorship eventually decided?

• Ellis Arnall remained governor since he was the sitting governor.

• 
  Herman Talmadge was declared governor because he was Eugene Talmadge's son.

• 
  M.E. Thompson was elected as Lieutenant Governor and by the right of succession was declared governor.

• The Georgia Supreme Court ruled that Thompson was the official governor until a special election could be held.

​GA's Response to Brown v. Board

• In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that separate was not equal, and that segregation in education was unconstitutional.

• Many white Georgians had grown up during segregation and feared change

• Across the South, states passed laws to continue segregation and the “Southern way of life”

• Georgia’s legislature passed several laws to prevent desegregation

• To show it did not agree with the Brown v. Board decision, GA changed their state flag

• The Sibley Commission - formed by governor to go around & talk to Georgians to see if they wanted to integrate schools or close them

  • talked to mostly white Georgians, who would rather close all public schools

  • recommended that each school distrct make their own decision

Multiple Choice

Spring Benchmark Question Review:

Which of the following BEST completes the sequence of events?

• The U.S. legislature determines that school segregation is a power of the state governments.

• John F. Kennedy demands that Georgia integrate its schools immediately.

• The Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education forces integration of public schools.

• People throughout Georgia marched to integrate public schools.

​Civil Rights

• Martin Luther King, Jr.

  • born in Atlanta, a national civil rights leader, and the first president of the SCLC

• John Lewis

  • influenced by MLK, participated in the Civil Rights Movement, was a chairman for the SNCC & was a representative for GA in Congress later in life

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

  • marched & protested throughout the South and had MLK as its first president

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

  • formed by high school & college students and often worked with the SCLC

• MLK, John Lewis, the SCLC, & the SNCC ALL believed in using nonviolent methods when protesting

Multiple Choice

Spring Benchmark Question Review:

What was the purpose of "SNCC" during the early years of the Civil Rights era?

• to provide more militant leadership to combat racism

• it replaced the NAACP as the dominant Civil Rights era

• 
  it coordinated students around the south in resisting segregation laws

• 
  it was a “whites only” organization created to keep whites in political power in the South

​Civil Rights

• Albany Movement

  • took place in Albany, GA, involved the NAACP & SNCC, had the goal of ending segregation in Albany, had MLK come help but failed due to trying to do too many things at one time

• March on Washington

  • took place in Washington, D.C. in 1963, involved both whites & blacks marching to demand equal rights for African Americans, had the goal of pushing Congress to pass civil rights legislation & is where MLK gave his “I Have a Dream” speech

• MLK, John Lewis, the SCLC, & the SNCC ALL believed in using nonviolent methods when protesting

• The Albany Movement & the March on Washington also used nonviolent & peaceful methods

​Civil Rights Act of 1964

• The March on Washington was the final push needed to get meaningful legislation passed by Congress & shortly after it, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a major civil rights act into law - the Civil Rights Act of 1964

• What did it do?

  • prohibited discrimination based on color, race, or religion in places like restaurants, hotels, motels & theaters

  • encouraged desegregation of public schools

  • made it illegal to discriminate in employment

  • prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex (male or female)

• Many white Southerners did not like this, including Lester Maddox, who supported segregation

  • he had a restaurant in Atlanta & chose to close instead of serving African Americans

  • When he became GA governor, he appointed more African Americans to government positions than any other governor before him

Multiple Choice

Spring Benchmark Question Review:

As Governor of Georgia (1967-1971), Lester Maddox was opposed to which of these domestic issues?

• segregation

• integration

​Modern Georgia - Mayors

• Maynard Jackson - mayor of Atlanta 1974-1982 and 1990-1994

  • Atlanta's first African American mayor

  • pushed for the expansion of Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which created jobs & boosted Atlanta's & Georgia's economy by making the city a major transportation hub

• Andrew Young - mayor of Atlanta from 1982-1990 - was a Civil Rights leader, U.S. Congressman & United Nations Ambassador

  • continued Jackson's work and further promoted Atlanta on the international stage

  • used his connections to attract international businesses and investments to Atlanta

  • instrumental in bringing the 1996 Olympic Games to Atlanta

• Both Jackson and Young understood the importance of investing in Atlanta's infrastructure to support its growing population and economy. They focused on improving the city's transportation systems, expanding its cultural offerings, and creating opportunities for all its residents. Their leadership helped Atlanta become a major center for business, culture, and tourism, benefiting the entire state of Georgia.

Multiple Choice

Which Atlanta mayor was also an ambassador to the United Nations in his career?

• Maynard Jackson

• Jimmy Carter

• Andrew Young

• Lester Maddox

​Modern Georgia - Jimmy Carter

• Jimmy Carter served as a Georgia state Senator

  • helped make sure African Americans have the right to vote

• He also served as governor of Georgia

  • fought to end racial segregation

• He was also President of the United States - the only one from GA

  • opened diplomatic relations with China, established human rights as something very important in U.S. foreign policy & helped negotiate a peace agreement between Israel & Egypt

• After his Presidency, he continued to promote democracy and human rights around the world

  • created the Carter Center, which has monitored elections in more than 35 countries & fought disease and starvation around the world

  • won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002, which is given every year to the person whose work has most benefited humankind

​1996 Olympics in Atlanta

• Short-term impact of hosting the Olympics:

  • more than 60,000 new hotel rooms, new restaurant chaines, highway improvements, mass transit updates, new sports facilities built, new sidewalks, lighting, public art & trees in downtown Atlanta, Centennial Olympic Park provided a 21-acre meeting space, dormitories built for athletes

  • All these accommodations allowed the city to handle millions of people coming into Atlanta, and those visitors also made a significant impact on Atlanta’s economy

• New businesses opened in Atlanta either directly because of the Olympics or indirectly as result of the attention Atlanta received during the Games. They took advantage of the new infrastructure the Games had brought. The Games also contributed to population growth as people came to work in these new businesses or were drawn to the growing city for other reasons.

​Modern Georgia's Economy

• Three major things that help Georgia's economy today are tourism, the expansion of the Savannah port, and the film industry. These areas create jobs, bring in money, and help Georgia grow.

• Tourism - People from all over the world come to visit places like Atlanta, which has become the entertainment capital of the South. There are tons of things to do, from seeing music shows to visiting museums. When tourists visit Georgia, they spend money on hotels, food, and activities, which helps businesses and creates jobs.

• The Savannah port is also very important for Georgia's economy. Ships bring goods from all over the world, like blue jeans and televisions. Georgia also sends products around the world through the port. The expansion of the port means more ships can come and go, which means more trade and more jobs for Georgians.

• The film industry has exploded in Georgia, making it a major player in entertainment. Movies and TV shows are filmed all over the state, bringing fame, jobs, and wealth to Georgia. Filmmakers hire Georgians, rent buildings, and buy local products, which puts money back into the state's economy. The state's film commission encourages filmmakers to come to Georgia because they bring jobs and tax money with them.

Multiple Choice

Spring Benchmark Question Review:

The film industry makes billions of dollars each year, but not all profits are made through Hollywood. Georgia made over $7 billion from film production last year. Which statement BEST explains why Georgia has become one of the leading locations for filming in the United States?

• Famous actors began moving to Georgia, so movie producers followed and began building movie studios.

• Georgia lawmakers have passed bills to reduce filming regulations that many other states continue to enforce.

• Farmers across Georgia have sold portions of their farmland to film makers, which has been turned into filming studios.

• The state of Georgia has financial incentives for film makers, diverse filming locations, and vast professional resources.