Unit 1 Review - US HISTORY - JEWELL (final)

Unit 1 Review - US History from the beginning through Western Expansion

By Steven Jewell

Two accepted theories of how the original people arrived -20,000 - 14,000 yrs ago

Land Bridge Theory

Sailed down the coast and settled Transatlantic, Transpacific -Less evidence to support these

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Early American Indigenous People

The 3 G's

The 3 G's

European countries wanted to expand their power and resources to new worlds. It can be broken up into the 3 G's. Having the most riches and resources (Gold)

Conquering the most territories (Glory)

Spreading their religion to the most areas (God)

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus is the explorer who is credited for discovering America. Of course, there were already people living in America at the time who we call Native Americans. There even was a European, Leif Ericsson, who had been to the Americas before. However, it was Columbus' voyage that started the exploration and colonization of the Americas.

• Founded by the Spanish: Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés established St. Augustine in 1565 on the northeastern coast of Florida.

• Pre-dating English Settlements: This was 42 years before the English colonized Jamestown (Virginia) and 55 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock (Massachusetts).

• A Strategic Location: The Spanish chose this location for its strategic value, facing the waterways of St. Augustine Bay, making it suitable for water communications and defense.

• One of the Earliest Enslaved Africans.

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​First Established Settlement in the US - St Augustine Florida

French - Indian War

• Major Conflicts:

  The conflict included battles like the Battle of Quebec, where General Wolfe defeated General Montcalm, and the British capture of Louisbourg. 

• Outcomes:

  The Treaty of Paris in 1763 officially ended the war, with France ceding Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi River (except New Orleans) to Britain. Spain, France's ally, also ceded Florida to Britain and received Louisiana from France. 

Causes of the American Revolution

• French and Indian War (Native American)

• Boston Tea Party (The Tea Act)

• Boston Massacre (Intolerable Acts)

• The Declaration of Independence (Government)

Declaring Independence

When the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia, delegates–including new additions Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson–voted to form a Continental Army, with Washington as its commander in chief.

Continental Generals

• Nathanael Greene (Washington's Subordinate)

• Benedict Arnold (later becomes a Traitor)

• Horatio Gates (Saratoga)

• Marquis de Layfatte (French General)

Stalemate in the War

• Washington's troops benefited from winter military training (Steuben)

• Washington attacked the British when trying to Withdraw

• A joint attack between Americans and French settled in stalemate with British

Battle of Yorktown

This is the battle where British General Lord Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army to George Washington's army and French allies in 1781.

Treaty of Paris

British and American negotiators in Paris signed preliminary peace terms in Paris late that November, and on September 3, 1783, Great Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States in the Treaty of Paris. 

​The Constitutional Convention

​In 1787, 55 delegates from 12 of the 13 states (every state except Rhode Island) attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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They met to amend (make changes to) the Articles of Confederation. However, in order to amend the Articles of Confederation all 13 states would have to agree. Only 12 states showed up so this was impossible. They eventually decided to scrap the Articles of Confederation and make a new constitution 

Father of the Constitution

• James Madison took many notes at the convention, and would eventually go on to write most of the Constitution. This is why he is called “The Father of the Constitution” today. 

Four Main Causes of the War of 1812

• Trade Barriers

• Stop and Search (naval Vessels)

• First Nation Allies (british supporting the natives)

• The American Warhawk

The Missouri Compromise

Compromises were developed to please pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. The Missouri Compromise of 1820. It a). Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. and b.) The southern border of Missouri, 36’30, would serve as a slavery line across the country.  To the south, slavery was permitted.  To the north, it was free territory.

Westward Expansion

In addition to the La.Purchase, there were two major events which contribute to the expansion: Texas Independence and the Mexican-American War.

1836

Mexico's ending of slavery in their territories in 1835 set off The Texas Revolution in 1836  The Texans lose badly in San Antonio at The Alamo.

Later, Texans secure a victory at San Jacinto.  Mexican general, Santa Anna, is captured and signs a peace treaty, securing Texas Independence.

1836-1845:  The Texas Republic

For close to nine years, Texas was an independent country, although not recognized by Mexico.  

Texas declares slavery legal.

Mexico’s government faces turmoil with Santa Anna’s presidency overthrown in 1844.

Texas applies to become a U.S. state but is it said NO because Anti-Slavery congressmen feared multiple slave states being carved from Texas territory.

1844

James K. Polk is elected President of the U.S.  During his campaign, he has advocated for the annexation of Texas (he wants to add Texas as a state).

He’d also wanted to add California and New Mexico.

September 1846

The War begins with American troops invading California and New Mexico by September.

American forces capture Monterrey, Saltillo, & Los Angeles by the end of the year.

American Victories at Buena Vista, Veracruz, and Cerro Gordo lead to the invasion and eventual capture of Mexico City in 1847.

1848

Gold is discovered in California.

The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: On February 2, the U.S. negotiates a peace agreement and will pay Mexico $15 million for California and New Mexico.  

The Texas border will be the Rio Grande River.

Mexicans in these territories will be able to become U.S. citizens.

Entering the 1850's Each Year brings the country closer to being torn apart

The election of Lincoln in 1860 sets it off with SC seceding from the union first.

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Civil War

Ending Slavery "Forever"..... Maybe...

• Emancipation Proclamation: 

• President Lincoln issued a speech to all of the American People.

• This includes BOTH the Union and the Confederacy

• The EP officially called for the Freeing of ALL slaves in states at war with the Union.

• *** Did NOT end Slavery in "Border States"

• Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri

Open Ended

Why is the Railroad so important to the settling of the West

Open Ended

What are the three civil war amendments? describe each one.

Open Ended

explain manifest destiny

Open Ended

explain the dawes act