Holt Ch 1 Guided Notes

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​In an experiment, there are two main variables: The independent variable: the variable that an experimenter changes or controls so that they can observe the effects on the dependent variable. The dependent variable: the variable being measured in an experiment that is “dependent” on the independent variable.


For example, a researcher might change the amount of water they provide to a certain plant to observe how it affects the growth rate of the plant.

In this example, the amount of water given to the plant is controlled by the researcher and, thus, is the independent variable. The growth rate is the dependent variable because it is directly dependent on the amount of water that the plant receives and it’s the variable we’re interested in measuring.

Multiple Choice

Information obtained through the senses.

• Observation

• Hypothesis

• Principle

• Inference

Multiple Choice

The condition in an experiment that is changed or manipulated.

• Dependent Variable

• Experimental Group

• Independent Variable

• Control Group

Multiple Choice

The condition in an experiment that is observed or measured

• Dependent Variable

• Experimental Group

• Independent Variable

• Control Group

Multiple Choice

In an experiment the group that serves as a standard for comparison and receives no experimental treatment.

• Dependent Variable

• Experimental Group

• Independent Variable

• Control Group

Multiple Choice

In an experiment the group that receives the experimental treatment.

• Dependent Variable

• Experimental Group

• Independent Variable

• Control Group

Multiple Choice

The condition that does not change in an experiment.

• Data

• Inference

• Variable

• Constant

Multiple Choice

Data expressed in words.

• Qualitative Data

• Quantitive Data

Multiple Choice

Data expressed in numbers.

• Qualitative Data

• Quantitive Data

Multiple Choice

Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis.

If more salt is added to water then the water will take longer to boil because salt causes the water to need more heat to boil.

• More heat is needed.

• Amount of salt

• Time to boil

• None of these

Multiple Choice

Identify the dependent variable in the following hypothesis.

If more salt is added to water then the water will take longer to boil because salt causes the water to need more heat to boil.

• More heat is needed.

• Amount of salt

• Time to boil

• None of these

Multiple Select

Which of the following are considered steps in the scientific method?

• Observing

• Formulating Hypotheses

• Testing

• All of the above

Mystery Solution Match Up

Objective: Students will be given 3 colorless mystery solutions with the same solutions as their lab partner has? There is one catch -- once a course of action has been determined, no visual communication is allowed!


Lab Partner: Matching Animals

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Metric Prefixes
and conversions

​ King Henry Died By drinking chocolate milk

​King Henry Died By drinking chocolate milk

Multiple Choice

Convert from meters to cm:  9 meters

• 900 cm
• 90 cm
• 0.9 cm
• 0.09 cm

Multiple Choice

Convert 17 m to dm:

• 1.7 dm

• 0.017 dm

• 1,700 dm

• 170 dm

Multiple Choice

Convert 8 kilometers to meters

• 800 m
• 80,000 m
• 8,000 m
• .008 m

Multiple Choice

Convert 5 cm to mm:

• 5,000mm
• 0.5 mm
• 0.05 mm
• 50 mm

Multiple Choice

Convert 300 cm to m:

• 3 m
• 30 m
• 0.3 m
• 0.03 m

Multiple Choice

1000 grams = _____ kilograms

• 0.0001
• 1,000,000
• 10
• 1

Multiple Choice

7,000 g = ____ kg

• 70
• 700
• 7
• 0.07

Multiple Choice

5,000 mg = ____ g

• 50
• 5
• 500
• 5,000

Multiple Choice

648 g = ____ mg

• 6,480
• 64,800
• 648,000
• 64.8

Multiple Choice

285 kg = ____ g

• 285,000
• 285
• 2,850
• 28,500

Multiple Choice

42 L = ___mL

• 4,200
• .0042
• 4.20
• 42,000

Multiple Choice

Is 20 g greater than, less than, or equal to 2 kg?

• greater than
• less than
• equal to

Multiple Choice

Which SI unit would you use to measure the length of a football field?

• Meter

• Kilogram

• Second

• Candela

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Multiple Select

Which of the following are examples of conversion factors as shown in the slides?

• 4 quarters/1 dollar

• 1 dollar/4 quarters

• 0.25 dollar/1 quarter

• 1 quarter/0.25 dollar

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​You are given a block of metal that has a ‘known’ mass of 110.2 grams. You measure its mass three times and get the following mass readings: 100.2 g, 100.1 g 100.3g. Describe in terms of accurate and precise.

Multiple Choice

• Student A

• Student B

• Student C

• Cannot be determined

Multiple Choice

This bullseye demonstrates...

• High Accuracy & High Precision
• High Accuracy & Low Precision
• Low Accuracy & High Precision
• Low Accuracy & Low Precision

Multiple Choice

This bullseye demonstrates...

• High Accuracy & High Precision

• High Accuracy & Low Precision

• Low Accuracy & High Precision

• Low Accuracy & Low Precision

Multiple Choice

Describe the accuracy and precision of the image

• Very accurate and somewhat precise

• Very accurate but not precise at all

• Not accurate at all but very precise

• not accurate and not very precise

Multiple Select

A set of data are all close in value to each other, but they are not close to the actual value. This set of data can be described as _________________.

• precise

• accurate

Multiple Choice

Accuracy means

• the measurements are close to each other

• the measurement is close to the true value

• the measurements are close to each other

• the measurements are close to each other and the true value.

Multiple Choice

Which student is the most ACCURATE?

• A

• B

• C

Multiple Choice

• True

• Choose the other answer

Multiple Choice

A company claims to sell 15 candy pieces in each bag. Judy counts her bag and finds 14, Josh finds 16, and Jill finds 15. The company is...

• accurate

• precise

• accurate and precise

• neither accurate nor precise

Multiple Choice

Measurements: 2.5, 14.5, 10.1, 45.3

True Value: 25.0

These measurements are…

• Accurate, but not precise

• Precise, but not accurate

• Both precise and accurate

• Neither precise nor accurate

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​You are given a block of metal that has a ‘known’ mass of 110.2 grams. You measure its mass three times and get the following mass readings: 100.2 g, 100.1 g 100.3g. What is your percent error?

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​An error in chemistry still often means a mistake turn and talk to your neighbor about the type of things that might lead to an error.

Reading a scale incorrectly
Misreading gauges
Making math mistakes during dilutions and other types of calculations
Spilling chemicals during transfer
Incorrect or non-existent calibration of instruments
Limitations of measurement equipment in a lab as a source of error.

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​Rule 1 - Non-zero digits are ALWAYS significant This is a fundamental rule and the easiest to understand. Any non-zero digit in a number must be considered as significant.


Examples:
1.1 has two significant figures (1, 1). 13.55 has four significant figures (1, 3, 5, 5).

​Rule 2 - any zero contained between two non-zero numbers is significant

Examples:
1.05 has three significant figures (1, 0, 5); the zero is enclosed by non-zero digits and should be counted.
100.45001 has eight significant figures (1, 0, 0, 4, 5, 0, 0, 1); all the zeroes in this number are enclosed by non-zero digits and therefore should be counted.

​Rule 3 - leading zeroes are never significant Any leading zeroes are never significant, irrespective of a decimal point
Examples:
0.05 - one significant figure (5); the leading zeroes are ignored.
0.0501 - three significant figures (5, 0, 1); the leading zeroes are ignored, the third zero is enclosed by two non-zero digits and is therefore significant.

​Rule 4 - final or trailing zeroes are significant only after a decimal point Zeroes contained before or after a decimal point are considered as significant figures if they fall between two non-zero digits, as per rule 2, OR potentially when they are trailing, not leading zeroes. Trailing zeroes are only counted when a decimal point is included in the number, as shown below.

​1.005 - four significant figures (1, 0, 0, 5); the zeroes are automatically counted as they fall between two non-zero digits. 0.005 - one significant figure (5); the leading zeroes do not fall between two non-zero digits and only the 5 is considered significant.

0.005 - one significant figure (5); the leading zeroes do not fall between two non-zero digits and only the 5 is considered significant.

​0.00500 - three significant figures (5, 0, 0); the leading zeroes do not count (as per Rule 3) but the two trailing zeroes are considered to be significant as they come after a decimal point. So in this example the three significant figures are the 5 and the final two zeroes.

​500 - one significant figure (5); there is no decimal point and therefore the two zeroes do not add anything to the "precision" of the number. However, if a decimal point is present then these zeroes will become significant, as per example 500.

500.00 - five significant figures (5, 0, 0, 0, 0). The four trailing zeroes are all significant due to the decimal point which adds precision to the number.

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​counting numbers are exact so you would say infinite because counting numbers go to infinity

Multiple Choice

All of the following have one significant figure except:

• 100 cm
• 0.0001 cm
• 2 cm
• 2.00 cm

Multiple Choice

Significant digits contain all of the digits that are certain plus _____________ estimated digit(s).

• 0

• 1

• 2

• 3

Multiple Choice

Significant digits are used in chemistry to show the _____________ of the measuring tool.

• units

• purpose

• precision

Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers has three significant figures?

• 1014 miles
• 101 feet
• 1000 yards
• all of the choices

Multiple Choice

How many significant figures does the following number have: 0.002040

• 6
• 4
• 3
• 2

Multiple Choice

How many significant figures does the following number have: 0.998005

• 9
• 10
• 6
• 5

Multiple Choice

How many significant figures does the following number have: 100.00210

• 7
• 5
• 10
• 8

Multiple Choice

Round 0.010229 to four significant figures

• 1022
• 1023
• 0.01023
• 0.01022

Multiple Choice

What is 0.658 rounded to 1 significant figure?

• 0
• 0.66
• 0.7
• 0.658

Multiple Choice

How many significant figures does the measurement in 10.0 grams have>

• 1
• infinite
• 3
• 2

Multiple Choice

How many significant figures are in the measurement 48032 m?

• 5
• 4
• 3
• 2

Multiple Choice

How many significant figures does the following number have: 1740200

• 4
• 7
• 3
• 5

Multiple Choice

The teacher reported that she has 15 girls in her class. How many significant figures does the number reported by the teacher have?

• infinite
• 2
• 15
• 1

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Multiple Choice

Subtract and round to the appropriate number of significant digits. $$65.76-11.3$$  

• 54.46

• 54.4

• 54.5

• 54

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the answer for the problem with the correct number of significant digits?
23.91 x 12.861 = 307.50651

• 308
• 307.51
• 307.5
• 307

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the answer for the problem with the correct number of significant digits?
65 ÷ 10.01= 6.4935064

• 7.0
• 6.5
• 6.494
• 6.0

Multiple Choice

What is the answer expressed with the correct significant digits for: 6.00 cm + 3.411 cm?

• 9.41 cm

• 9.411 cm

• 9.4 cm

• 9 cm

Multiple Choice

What is the answer expressed with the correct significant digits for: 3.4 cm x 2.32 cm?

• 7.888 cm²

• 7.89 cm²

• 7.9 cm²

• 8 cm²

Multiple Choice

What is the answer expressed with the correct significant digits for:

$$7.77\ g\div2.3\ cm^3$$  

• 3.37826 g/cm³

• 3.38 g/cm³

• 3.4 g/cm³

• 3.378 g/cm³

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Multiple Choice

Change from standard form to scientific notation: 12,000,000

• 12.0  x  10⁷
• 0.12  x  10⁷
• 1.2  x  10⁶
• 1.2  x  10⁷

Multiple Choice

Change from standard form to scientific notation:  0.000398

• 39.8  x  10^-5
• 3.98  x  10^-5
• 3.98  x  10^-4
• 39.8  x  10^-6

Multiple Choice

Change from standard form to scientific notation: 0.004078

• 4.078  x  10^-3
• 4.078  x  10³
• 40.78  x  10^-4
• .4078  x  10^-2

Multiple Choice

Try to change the number back to standard form:  6.79  x  10⁴

• 679,000
• 6,790
• 67,900
• 6,790,000

Multiple Choice

Write in scientific notation: 
540,020,000

• 5.4002 x 10⁸
• 5.4 x 10⁸
• 5.4002 x 10⁴

Multiple Choice

Write in scientific notation: 
0.0000378 

• 3.78 x 10^-5
• 3.78 x 10^-6
• 0.378 x 10^-5

Multiple Choice

Write in scientific notation: 
0.0079245

• 7.9245 x 10^-3
• 7.9245 x 10^-2
• 7.9245 x 10³

Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers is the SMALLEST?

• 8.7 x 10³
• 3 x 10⁴
• 1.3 x 10⁸
• 9 x 10²

Multiple Choice

Which of the following in the LARGEST number?

• 9 x 10⁶
• 8 x 10¹⁰
• 1.3 x 10¹²
• 5.3 x 10³

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Multiple Choice

Divide:
(6.9 x 10⁷) / (2.3 x 10^-3)

• 3 x 10¹⁰
• 3 x 10⁴
• 3 x 10^-4
• 3 x 10^-11

Multiple Choice

Multiply:
(9.4 x 10⁶)(3.2 x 10⁵)

• 30.08 x 10¹¹
• 3.8 x 10¹
• 3.008 x 10¹²
• 2.9375 x 10¹

Multiple Choice

What is the simplified version of

• 3.9 x 10⁶
• 4 x 10²⁰
• 4 x 10⁶
• 3.9 x 10²⁰

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Multiple Choice

What two types of measurements make up DENSITY? 

• Mass and Volume
• Temperature and Mass
• Grams and Centimeters
• Volume and Weight

Multiple Choice

What units are used to measure mass?

• g
• cm³
• g/cm³
• cm³/g

Multiple Choice

Jack has a rock. The rock has a mass of 14g and a volume of 2cm³. What is the density of the rock?

• 7 mL
• 7 g/cm³
• 28 g/cm³
• 1/7 g/cm³

Multiple Choice

Why do some substances float on water?

• they are warmer than water
• they are cooler than water
• they are more dense than water
• they are less dense than water

Multiple Choice

Helium balloons rise on earth because

• helium is less dense than air
• helium is more dense than air
• helium is cooler than air
• helium is warmer than air

Multiple Choice

A crayon has a mass of 10.0 g and volume of 5.0 cm3. What is the density?

• 30 g/cm3

• 1.0 g/cm3

• 15 g/cm3

• 2.0 g/cm3

Multiple Choice

Find the mass of 250 mL of benzene that has a density of .8765 g/mL.

• 220 mL

• 290 g

• 220 g

• 219.13 g

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