The Umbilical Cord

Multiple Choice

Which structures fuse during the first 5 weeks of gestation to form the umbilical cord?

• Omphalomesenteric (yolk stalk) and allantoic ducts

• Amniotic cavity and yolk sac

• Placenta and chorion

• Wharton's jelly and umbilical vein

Multiple Choice

What are the main components included within the umbilical cord?

• Two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein

• One umbilical artery and two umbilical veins

• Three umbilical arteries

• Two umbilical veins and one umbilical artery

Multiple Choice

What happens to the umbilical arteries after birth?

• remain functional after birth.

• turn into the aorta.

• are absorbed by the placenta.

• become the medial umbilical ligaments.

Multiple Choice

Based on the sonographic appearance, what are two key features to assess in the umbilical cord during gestation?

• Cord twist and number of umbilical arteries

• Cord length and fetal heart rate

• Placental thickness and amniotic fluid volume

• Maternal blood pressure and fetal movement

Multiple Choice

In the ultrasound image, which vessel is identified as the largest within the umbilical cord?

• Umbilical artery
• Chorionic villi
• Amniotic fluid
• Umbilical vein

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about the twists of the umbilical cord are correct?

• Cord can coil up to 40 times due to fetal movement.

• A left helix is more common than a right helix.

• Twist is determined by ultrasound only.

Multiple Choice

What is the clinical significance of a 'right' twist in the umbilical cord?

• It is associated with a higher incidence of fetal anomalies.

• It indicates normal fetal development.

• It increases the risk of umbilical cord prolapse.

• It has no clinical significance.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the herniation of bowel loops outside the fetal abdomen without a covering membrane?

• Gastroschisis

• Omphalocele

• Umbilical hernia

• Omphalomesenteric cyst

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about omphalomesenteric cysts is/are correct?

• They are caused by persistence and dilation of a segment of the omphalomesenteric duct.

• They are always found far from the fetal insertion.

• They may be up to 6 cm in size.

• They affect females more than males.

Hemangioma

lArises from the transepithelial cells of the vessels of the cord

lSurrounded by edema and Wharton’s jelly

lFound at the vessels and may involve more than one vessel

lRare

lSize varies; up to 15 cm

lWhen found near the placenta, associated with hydrops

Multiple Choice

What is the primary function of the umbilical cord?

• To provide oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

• To remove waste from the mother's body

• To regulate the mother's heartbeat

• To protect the fetus from infections

Multiple Choice

Which one of the following umbilical cord entanglements in the fetus is the most common?

• nuchal cord

• true knot

• false knot

• hematoma

Multiple Choice

The normal length of the umbilical cord measures _______cm.

• 20-35

• 40-60

• 30-50

• 60-90

Multiple Choice

If a single umbilical artery is seen, the sonographer should search for which one of the following?

• gastroschisis

• esophageal atresia

• genitourinary defect

• umbilical hernia

Multiple Choice

Which one of the following occurs when the cord inserts into the membranes before it enters the placenta?

• prolapse

• velamentous insertion

• battledore placenta

• vasa previa

Multiple Choice

Which of the following problems may lead to inadequate fetal descent?

• long cord

• twisted cord

• short cord

• ruptured cord

Multiple Choice

Thrombosis of the umbilical vessels is most common in which one of the following?

• right umbilical artery

• left umbilical artery

• umbilical vein

• hypogastric arteries

Multiple Choice

The presence of umbilical vessels crossing the internal os of the cervix is called which one of the following?

• placenta previa

• cord prolapse

• vasa previa

• velamentous cord

Multiple Choice

A short cord measures less than ___cm.

• 25

• 30

• 35

• 40

Multiple Choice

A para-umbilical defect involving all layers of the abdominal wall is called which one of the following?

• omphalocele

• umbilical herniation

• gastroschisis

• amniotic band syndrome

Multiple Choice

A long umbilical cord measures greater than ____cm.

• 60

• 80

• 100

• 120