Unit 2 Lesson 2

​Unit 2 Lesson 2
Structure and Support

Multiple Choice

Four students were discussing muscle. They each had a different ideas about whether muscles are alive.

• Millie: Muscles are living because they are inside of our bodies.

• Akhim: Muscles are living because they are made up of cells.

• Bao: Muscles are nonliving because their cells do not reproduce.

• Tony: Muscles are nonliving because they do not exist as single celled organisms.

One part of the body that enables the girl to do a handstand is her muscles. Do you think she controls all of her muscles? Shake hands with another student. What muscles did you use? Did you have to think about this action? Explain your answer

​Encounter the Phenomenon

​Write your answer on page 77

Rest your index and middle fingers on the side of your wrist until you can feel your pulse. What muscles control your pulse? Can you change the speed of your pulse by thinking about it?

​Encounter the Phenomenon

​Write your answer on page 77

What part of your body have muscles that you can control by thinking about them? What are their functions?

​Encounter the Phenomenon

​Write your answer on page 77

Think of other muscles in your body, besides your heart, that work without you thinking about them. How do the functions of these muscles differ from the ones you consciously control?

​Encounter the Phenomenon

​Write your answer on page 77

​Dance Moves

​Claim, Evidence, Reasoning

Did you see how your muscles have different functions? Use your observations about the phenomenon to make a claim about what body systems work together to provide structure and support.

​Create your Claim on page 78

​Link

​Generation Genius

​What supports and body and enables it to move?

You probably have already learned that you need muscles in order to move. At the beginning of the lesson, you saw a girl support the weight of her body with just her arms by using muscles. How do muscles work? A muscle is made of strong tissue that contract in an orderly way. When a muscle contracts, the cells of the muscle become shorter. When the muscle relaves, the cells return to their original length.

You might recall that mitochondria are the main energy producers in a cell. Because so much energy is required for muscle function, muscle cells are packed with mitochondria. Muscles allow for movement of the body, but they do not work alone.

​3-Dimensional Thinking

Muscles enable the body to move, but cannot function without the support of bones. Bones can move because they are attached to muscles. The skeletal system and the muscular system work together and move you body.

​Joints

Your bones work together at places called joints. A joint is where two or more bones meet. Joints provide flexibility and movement. Like you saw with the girl doin a handstand at the start of the lesson. Bones are connected to other bones by tissues called ligaments. When the bones in the joints move, ligaments stretch and keep the bones from shifting away from each other. Your arms and legs may not seem like machines but in fact they are. When muscles pull on bones they act like a simple machine called a lever. Levers rotate about a fixed point, which in your body are the joints. Three different types of joints enables movement- ball and socket, hinge, and pivot joints.

Multiple Choice

________ is strong tissue that can contract in an orderly way.

• Joint

• Ligament

• Muscle

• Tendon

Multiple Choice

________ is where two bones meet.

• Joint

• Ligament

• Muscle

• Tendon

Multiple Choice

________ is the tissue that connects bones to other bones.

• Joint

• Ligament

• Muscle

• Tendon

​Claim Evidence Reasoning

How do muscles and bones provide structure and support for organisms such as the girl doing the handstand at the beginning of the lesson? Record your evidence (A) in the chart at the beginning of the lesson.

Multiple Choice

Which joint allows bones to move and rotate in nearly all directions?

• Ball and Socket

• Hinge

• Pivot

Multiple Choice

How does you neck allow your bones to move?

• move and rotate in nearly all directions

• move back and forth in a single direction

• bones to turn

Open Ended

Imagine that you are building a robot that is shaped like a human. You can insert any type of joint where two or more bones meet. Pick one joint in your robot and change they type of joint for that location. What change would you make and what advantages would it provide?

The skeletal system does more than help the body move. Bones provide support. They help you sit up, stand, and raise your arm over you head to ask a question. What else can the skeleton do for the body?

​Protections

Feel you head, and then feel your stomach. Your stomach is softer than you head. The hard, rigid structure you feel in you head is your skull. It protects the soft, fragile tissue of your brain from damage. Other bones protect the spinal cord, heart, lungs, and other internal organs.

​Production and Storage

Another function of bones is to produce and store materials needed by your body. Red blood cells are produced inside your bones. Bones store fat and calcium. Calcium is needed for strong bones and for many Cellular processes.

Multiple Choice

Which body system provides support for the body?

• skeletal

• muscular

• circulatory

• nervous

Multiple Choice

Which one is not a function of your bones?

• Creating Red Blood Cells

• Storing Fat

• Creating Minerals

• Storing Calcium

​3-Dimensional Thinking

​​In what ways are different animals supported and provided with structure

Fluid Support What about organisms that don't have bones, such as worms? What provides them with structure, and how do they move? You move by using your muscles and skeleton. However, an earthworm does not have a skeleton. How is an earthworm able to move? Some animals have an Hydrostatic skeleton, which is a fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscle tissue. Muscles help the organism move by pushing the fluid in different directions.

Hard outer coverings provide support and protection for many animals. Sometimes called shells. These outer coverings support animals such as crabs, snails, and the scorpion shown to the left. A thick hard outer covering that protects and supports an animal's body is called an exoskeleton.

​External Support

Multiple Choice

__________ is a thick, hard outer covering that protects and supports an animal's body.

• Endoskeleton

• Exoskeleton

• Hydrostatic skeleton

• Hyperstatic skeleton

Multiple Choice

_______ is a fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by muscles tissue which help organism move.

• Endoskeleton

• Exoskeleton

• Hydrostatic skeleton

• Hyperstatic skeleton

Open Ended

Why might an animal with an exoskeleton have to shed it occasionally?

​3-Dimensional Thinking

​Collect Evidence

How are different types of animals provided with structure and support? Record your evidence (B) in the chart at the beginning of the lesson (pg 80).

​​You have learned how muscle enable organism to move. However muscles serve other functions in the body besides movement. Three types of muscle cells-skeletal, cardiac, and smooth- have different characteristics and functions in the body.
Skeletal Muscle- type of Muscle that attaches to bones is skeletal Muscle. Called "Voluntary Muscles" and can be quick and powerful (ex. running fast)
Cardiac Muscle- Muscles are only found in the heart. Involuntary muscle that pumps blood through your heart and through blood vessels through your body.
Smooth Muscle- line blood vessels and many organs like stomach. Involuntary muscles and named for their smooth appearance.

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

​

What systems do plants have that give them structure and support?

Roots
Even though the roots of most plants are never seen, they are vital to a plant's survival. Roots anchor a plant, either in soil or onto another plant or an object such as a rock. All Roots help a plant stay upright. Some plants have roots that spread out in all directions several meters from a plan'ts stem. All root systems help a plant absorb water and other substances from the soil.

Many plants have a large main root, called a taproot, with smaller roots growing from it. Some plants have additional small roots above ground, called prop roots, that help support the plant. Other plants have fibrous root systems that consist of many small branching roots.

​

​

​

​

Plants such as radishes and carrots store food in their roots. This food can be used to grow new plant tissue after a dry period or a cold season. Sugar stored in the roots of sugar maple trees over the winter is converted to maple sap in the spring. Farmers drain some of the sap from these trees and boil it to make maple syrup.

​

​

Stems
Have you ever leaned against a tree? If so, you were leaning on a plant stem. In plants such as the tree, the stem is obvious. Other plants such as the potato and the iris, have underground stems that are often mistaken for roots.

• Support branches and leaves

• tissue transport water, minerals, and food.

• Sugar from photosynthesis flows through the stem

• certain areas produce new cells

Plant stems usually are classified as either Herbaceous or woody. Woody stems are stiff and typically not green (Trees or Shrubs). Herbaceous stems are usually soft and green.

Multiple Choice

Which plant has a woody stem structure?

• Tree

• Vine

• Both

• Neither

Multiple Choice

Which plant has a herbaceous stem structure?

• Tree

• Vine

• Both

• Neither

Open Ended

What would be a benefit for a plant with a herbaceous stem?

​Collect Evidence

How do systems provide plants with structure and support? Record your evidence (C) in the chart at the beginning of the lesson (pg 80).

3-Dimensional Thinking: Compare and Contrast the systems that provide structure and Support in plants and animals

1. Organize Create a graphic organizer to summarize the fuction of the muscular system and how it interacts witht other organs

2. Create another graphic organizer to summarize the systems of structure and support found in plants and how they interact with one another

Multiple Choice

Why do muscle cells have so many mitochondria?

• Muscle cells are bigger than every other cell and can fit more mitochondria

• Muscle cells need to quickly respond to energy needs

• Mitochondria in muscle cells are smaller so more are needed

• There are more mitochondria only because there are more nuclei

Multiple Choice

What is the effect when a muscle contracts?

• The muscle lengthens.

• The muscle pushes on a bone.

• The muscle pushes on another muscle.

• The muscle shortens.

Multiple Choice

What are the characteristics of woody stems?

• soft and green

• rigid and not green

• soft and not green

• rigid and green

Multiple Choice

The image represents a joint that would be found in which structure?

• finger

• knee

• neck

• shoulder

Multiple Choice

What are the characteristics of herbaceous stems?

• soft and green

• rigid and not green

• soft and not green

• rigid and green