FINAL Study Guide (Scientific Method,)

FINAL Study Guide (Scientific Method and Problem Solving,
Ch 2.1, Ch 2.3)

By Victor Castillo

Unit 1: Scientific Method & Problem Solving

Vocabulary Review

Match

Match the following

• Theory

• Law

• Hypothesis

• Observation

• Inference

Attempts to answer HOW something happens

Observation of WHAT does happen

Educated guess based on research

Information gathered through the senses

A guess or opinion made based on an observation

• Attempts to answer HOW something happens

• Observation of WHAT does happen

• Educated guess based on research

• Information gathered through the senses

• A guess or opinion made based on an observation

Now, let's answer these questions.

Multiple Choice

When you keep same conditions for each experimental group.

• Control
• Hypothesis
• Constant
• Independent Variable

Multiple Choice

An educated guess about a problem

• Constant
• Control
• Dependent Variable
• Hypothesis

Multiple Choice

The "normal" state, left unchanged so results can be compared to it

• Constant
• Control
• Hypothesis
• Independent

Multiple Choice

A judgment based on the results of an experiment.

• Constant
• Hypothesis
• Control
• Conclusion

Multiple Choice

The variable that is measured in an experiment

• Dependent
• Independent
• Control
• Constant

Multiple Choice

The variable changed or manipulated in an   experiment.

• Independent
• Dependent
• Constant
• Control

Multiple Choice

The data that comes from an experiment.

• Hypothesis
• Conclusion
• Results
• Control

Multiple Choice

A question about the universe.

• Control
• Problem
• Independent
• Dependent

Multiple Choice

When you want to test the hypothesis, it is called...

• Experiment
• Hypothesis
• Control
• Constant

Multiple Choice

If the observation has describing words and characteristics, then it is ___.

• qualitative

• quantitative

Multiple Choice

If the observation has numbers and a label, then it is ___.

• qualitative

• quantitative

Multiple Choice

A magnifying glass is best for making ___ observations.

• qualitative

• quantitative

Multiple Choice

A ruler is best for making ___ observations.

• qualitative

• quantitative

Multiple Choice

Qualitative or Quantitative? 75 days

• qualitative

• quantitative

Multiple Choice

Qualitative or Quantitative? hot water

• qualitative

• quantitative

Now, let's answer these questions.

Multiple Choice

These kind of observations use your senses to observe results. Examples include: color, texture, descriptions, interviews, categories.

• Qualitative

• Quantitative

Multiple Choice

This type of observation uses data and numbers. Examples include: measuring, counting, continuous collection of numerical data.

• Qualitative

• Quantitative

Multiple Choice

The liquid is pink.

• Qualitative Observation

• Quantitative Observation

Multiple Choice

There are 20 fish, 2 frogs, and 1 turtle in the pond.

• Qualitative Observation

• Quantitative Observation

Multiple Choice

There are approximately 90 colonies of bacteria on the Petri dish.

• Qualitative Observation

• Quantitative Observation

Multiple Choice

The bacterial colonies vary in color. Colors include green, grey, black, and blue.

• Quantitative Observation

• Qualitative Observation

Multiple Choice

What is a quantitative observation for this picture?

• The flower is pink and white.

• The flower has 6

  petals.

• The pollen has a chalky texture.

Multiple Choice

What is a qualitative observation for this picture?

• The birds feathers are 1.5 inches long.

• The birds nest was made from twigs and some moss.

• The birds beak is 1.53 cm in diameter.

Open Ended

Please write a qualitative AND quantitative observation you made while observing the elephants in this photo.

Unit 2: What is Life? (Ch. 2.1)

Vocabulary

Multiple Choice

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

• mitochondria

• cell membrane

• cytoplasm

• cell

Multiple Choice

Consisting of a single cell

• organ

• unicellular

• nucleus

• multicellular

Multiple Choice

An individual form of life that uses energy to carry out activities

• organism

• organ

• tissue

• mitochondria

Multiple Choice

Consisting of many cells

• unicellular

• multicellular

• chloroplast

• nucleus

Multiple Choice

What does a stimulus mean?

• anything that provokes a response in an organism

• a reaction

• outside an organism

• inside an organism

Multiple Choice

What does response mean?

• outside an organism

• a reaction

• anything that provokes a response in an organism

• inside an organism

Multiple Choice

A _____ is something in the environment that causes an organism to respond.

• stimulus
• response
• cause
• effect

Multiple Choice

When a baby kitten becomes an adult cat, this is an example of...

• energy metabolism
• growth and development
• response to stimuli
• having cells

Multiple Choice

Maintaining a stable internal

environment is called

• homeostasis

• equilibrium

• balance

• evenness

Multiple Choice

An organism that makes its own food is 

• an omnivore
• a heterotroph
• an autotroph
• a carnivore

Multiple Choice

Identify the characteristic: green plants produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis.

• All living things use energy

• All living things contain cells

• All living things maintain homeostasis

• All living things grow and develop

Multiple Choice

It is hot outside. You start sweating. In this case, the hot weather is the...

• stimulus
• response
• cause and effect
• responder

Multiple Choice

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must get their energy from eating other organisms are called...

• Autotrophs

• Heterotrophs

Unit 2: What is Life? (Ch. 2.1)

Characteristics of Living Things

​Words to Know ...

These are super important vocabulary words! Be sure to write them down in your notebook and record their definitions as they appear in the presentation.

• ​​Biology

• ​Organism

• ​Autotroph

• ​Heterotroph

• ​ Cell

• ​ Mutlicellular

• ​ Unicellular

• ​Homeostasis

​Overview

​

Biology is the study of all living things.

​

​Living things, also called organisms, need to have certain characteristics in order to be considered living.

​

​There are six characteristics of living things, as agreed upon by scientists. Something must have ALL of these characteristics in order to be considered living.

​All living things...

• Take in and use energy

• ​ Are structurally organized

• ​ Grow and develop

• ​ Reproduce

• ​ Respond to stimuli

• ​ Maintain homeostasis

​All living things use energy.

​All organisms need a source of energy to survive. Humans, for example, get our energy from the food we eat. Other living things are no different!

​Some organisms, like plants, are autotrophs, which means they use sunlight to make their own food. Others, like animals (including humans!) are heterotrophs, which means they get their food energy from other sources.

​

​Organisms need energy sources to keep their systems healthy and functioning. For humans and other animals, this means things like organs, blood, and muscle. This leads us to our next characteristic ...

​All living things are organized.

​Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living things are made up of cells, which have specific roles to play in keeping organisms healthy and alive. Cells make up our organs, our blood, and our muscle tissue. Without these important systems, we could not survive!

​

​Many organisms are multicellular, which means they are made of more than one cell. Others, like bacteria, are unicellular, which means the entire organism consists of just one cell.

​All living things grow and develop.

​Think about how all the ways you have changed in the last ten years. Are you taller than you used to be? Have your facial features changed? Do people tell you that you act more "mature" than you used to? These are all examples of how you have grown and developed over your lifetime.

​

​Think, also, about how a plant grows from a tiny seed, or how a frog hatches from an egg as a tadpole and eventually grows legs. These, too, are examples of growth and development.

​

​When multicelluar organisms grow, their cells multiply. When unicellular organisms grow, the single cell they are made of simply gets bigger in size.

​

​All living things reproduce.

​Living things need to create more living things. This is how all species survive!

​

​Animals give birth to live offspring. Plants release pollen into the air, and fungi (like mushrooms) release spores that land and start to grow. Unicellular organisms, like bacteria, split themselves in half to create identical "twin".

​

​All of these are examples of how living things reproduce.

​All living things respond to stimuli.

​Stimuli are things or events that cause you to jump into action. There are two types of stimuli: internal and external.

​

​Examples of external stimuli include squinting when the sun is too bright, or that "fight or flight" response when you sense a threat to your safety. Responding to internal stimuli helps organisms protect themselves.

​

​A good example of internal stimuli is the feeling of hunger. You need to know when you're hungry so that you can take in energy to sustain yourself. All other living things do this, too!

All living things maintain homeostasis.

​Maintaining homeostasis means keeping internal conditions the same when external conditions change.

​

​Think about what happens when you spend time in hot weather. You start to sweat! Sweat is your body's way of cooling down when the external temperature is too high. Similarly, your body will start to shiver when it gets too cold as a way of warming itself up.

​

​All living things survive best in certain conditions. Things like shivering and sweating up your body maintain those conditions.

​Time to show off what you've learned!

​Browse back through the presentation to make sure you have all of your notes in order. Then, proceed to the quiz section of the lesson. This quiz won't be graded - it's just to check what you've learned so far!

Multiple Choice

All living things use energy. Which answer choice best describes this?

• All living things move.

• All living things need a source of food.

• A

Multiple Select

An example of how humans maintain homeostasis is... (select all correct answers)

• shivering when you are cold

• sweating when you are hot

Multiple Choice

An organism that uses sunlight to make its own food/energy source is called...

• an autotroph

• a heterotroph

Multiple Choice

An organism that gets its food/energy source from other organisms is called...

• an autotroph

• a heterotroph

Multiple Choice

Which is an example of an autotroph?

• A human

• A lion

• A sunflower

• A fish

Multiple Choice

Which is an example of a heterotroph?

• An oak tree

• Algae

• A snake

• Grass

Multiple Choice

All living things are organized. Which answer best describes this?

• All living things know what they're doing

• All living things keep clean

• All living things are made of cells that perform specific jobs

Multiple Choice

The smallest unit of life is:

• the cell

• the molecule

• the atom

• bacteria

Multiple Choice

A tadpole forming legs and becoming a frog is an example of how living things...

• are organized

• grow and develop

• reproduce

• use energy

Multiple Choice

A chicken laying eggs is an example of how living things...

• are organized

• grow and develop

• reproduce

• use energy

Multiple Choice

Eating when you feel hungry is an example of your response to...

• internal stimuli

• external stimuli

Multiple Choice

Moving out of the way of a thrown or flying object is an example of your response to...

• internal stimuli

• external stimuli

Unit 2: What is Life? (Ch. 2.1)

Unit 2: What is Life? (Ch. 2.1)

Redi's Experimental Logic

in the 1600's Redi was out to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. However, he needed a controlled experiment in order to disprove the theory. In a controlled experiment a scientist carries out a series of tests that are identical in every respect except for one factor. The next slide will get into Redi's experiment

Redi's Experiment

Through this controlled experiment, Redi took the first steps to disproving the theory of Spontaneous Generation. He did this by placing meat in different jars then choosing to either cover the jars, not cover the jars, or cover them with a thin gauze.

Redi's Experiment Continued.

Redi noticed that the uncovered jar had maggots developing in the decaying meat, the covered jars had no flies in the meat at all. This experimental setup and logic lead Redi to discovering that flies must lay their eggs on the meat in order to reproduce.

He reasoned this after seeing that the open jar was full of maggots while the covered jars were not.

Multiple Choice

Whose experiment is show in the picture?

• Aristotle's

• Francesco Redi's

• Louis Pasteur's

• Albert Einstein's

Multiple Choice

What is Spontaneous Generation?

• idea that organisms could come from non-living matter

• the law that all living things come from nonliving things

• living things come from living things

• Non living things create all non living things

Multiple Choice

What was the conclusion of Francesco Redi's Experiment

• Decaying meat turned into flies

• Decaying meat does not turn into flies

• non-living substances turn into living substances

• flies come from meat

The Discovery of Cells & Microscope (Ch 2.3)

​The microscope

​Looking at cells and discovering the three parts of the cell theory wouldn't have been possible without the microscope. Cells are too small to see without a microscope.

​Microscope Parts

• ​Ocular Lens

• ​Stage

• ​Objective Lenses

• ​Diaphragm

• ​Coarse Adjustment Knob

• ​Fine Adjustment Knob

• ​Light

Vocabulary Words

Multiple Choice

What is the place to view the specimen, also called the ocular lens

• Eyepiece
• Coarse Adjustment Knob

• Stage

Multiple Choice

What rotates to change between the objective lenses?

• Eyepiece

• Revolving Nosepiece

• Stage

Multiple Choice

What is located on the revolving nosepiece with 3 different magnifications?

• Ocular Lens

• Eyepiece

• Objective Lenses

Multiple Choice

What moves the stage up and down, only used with low power?

• Fine Adjustment Knob

• Coarse Adjustment Knob

• Base

Multiple Choice

What fine tunes the focus, used with all lenses?

• Fine Adjustment Knob
• Coarse Adjustment Knob

• Arm

Multiple Choice

What holds the slide and has a hole to allow light to pass through?

• Eyepiece

• Stage

• Base

Multiple Choice

What holds down a glass slide in place for viewing?

• Diaphragm

• Objective Lenses

• Stage Clips

Multiple Choice

What turns to adjust the amount of light that is sent to the specimen?

• Diaphragm
• Objective Lenses

• Body Tube

Multiple Choice

What shines up through the specimen and to lens?

• Fine Adjustment Knob

• Eyepiece

• Light Source

Multiple Choice

What is part 2?

• arm
• base
• body tube
• illuminator

Multiple Choice

What part is 3?

• eye piece
• base
• arm 
• coarse adjust

Match

Match the following

• This controls the amount of light that passes through a slide or specimen while under the microscope; it is located underneath the stage

• Used to look through the microscope has a magnification

• Illuminates the object/specimen/slide on the microscope

• Changes the magnification of the microscope

• On the microscope where the slide or specimen "sits"

Diaphragm

Eyepiece

Light Source

Objective Lens

Stage

• Diaphragm

• Eyepiece

• Light Source

• Objective Lens

• Stage

Multiple Choice

Label the part of the microscope. What is part E?

• stage

• stage clips

• focus knob

• eyepiece tube

Multiple Choice

What is part 11?

• coarse focus

• fine adjustment
• diaphragm
  
• stage

Multiple Choice

Which part is D?

• Body tube

• fine adjustment knob

• coarse adjustment knob

Multiple Choice

Label the part of the microscope. What is part E?

• stage

• stage clips

• focus knob

• eyepiece tube

The Discovery of Cells & Microscope (Ch 2.3)

Multiple Choice

What size lens in the shortest?

• 1X

• 4X

• 10X

• 40X

Multiple Choice

What lenses are used with the fine adjustment knob?

• Low

• Medium

• High

• All of the Above

Multiple Choice

Find total magnification for:
Eyepiece = 20X 
Objective lens = 20X  

• 20x
• 40x
• 200x
• 400x

Multiple Choice

Find the total magnification:
Eyepiece = 15X 
Objective lens = 100X  

• 15x
• 100x
• 115x
• 1500x