CTBA 2 Reteach

​CTBA 2
Reteach

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Factors Affecting Gravity

Mass

• The strength of gravity increases as the mass of the objects involved also increases.

• An object with more mass has a stronger gravitational pull on other objects around it.

• The Sun has a stronger gravitational field than Earth because it is far more massive.

Distance

• The strength of gravity decreases as the distance between two objects becomes much greater.

• When objects are located farther apart, the gravitational force between them becomes noticeably weaker.

• This means that gravity gets weaker the farther away you get from an object.

Multiple Choice

Which model has greater gravitational attraction (if any)

• Model A
• Model B
• Both Model A and Model B (same gravity)

Multiple Choice

As mass increases, what happens to gravitational force?

• increases

• decreases

• stays the same

Multiple Choice

As distance between two objects increase the pull of gravity 

• Increases
• Decreases
• Stays the same

Hotspot

Planets and their stars have a gravitational attraction to each other that depends on mass and distance. All 4 planets in the table orbit the same star. Based on the table, which planets have the most similar gravitational attraction with their star?

​What does the "a" represent in this clip?
What does the "v" represent?
If either one increases or decreases, what could happen?

Multiple Choice

For an object, such as the Moon, to maintain a constant orbit around the Earth, which statement regarding the forces acting upon it is correct? The gravitational force from the Earth on the Moon must...

• be greater than the Moon's forward motion.

• be in balance with the Moon's tendency to move in a straight line (inertia).

• constantly provide the necessary propulsive force.

• be in balance with the Sun's gravitational pull.

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The Two Planetary Neighborhoods

Inner Planets

• The four planets closest to the Sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

• These planets are small and are primarily composed of solid rock and metal.

• They are located inside the asteroid belt that divides our solar system.

Outer Planets

• The four planets farthest from the Sun are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

• These planets are much larger and are mostly composed of ice and gas.

• They are located beyond the asteroid belt, a region with millions of asteroids.

Multiple Choice

How does the composition of the inner planets explain why they are also called 'rocky' planets?

• They are primarily made of solid rock, unlike the outer planets.

• They all have large rocks, like asteroids, orbiting them.

• They have a rocky and uneven orbital path.

• They are all a similar color to rocks found on Earth.

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Asteroids and Comets: Rocky Bodies in Space

Asteroids

• These are millions of small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun, mostly in the asteroid belt.

• Their shape is often irregular, and their size can vary from very small to hundreds of kilometers wide.

• Asteroids do not have atmospheres or tails, as they are primarily made of rock and metal.

• If a small, round object orbits the Sun in the asteroid belt but is smaller than nearby asteroids, it may be classified as a dwarf planet because of its shape.

Comets

• Comets are made of ice, dust, and gas, and are often called "dirty snowballs" by scientists.

• They follow a long, oval-shaped orbit that takes them very close to and far from the Sun.

• As a comet nears the Sun, it heats up and releases gas and dust, forming a glowing tail.

Multiple Choice

Which term describes the composition of the outer planets?

• rocky

• solid

• water

• gaseous

Multiple Select

During a trip to a planetarium, Greg learned that the outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Which statements describe the four outer planets? Select THREE answers.

• They all have rings

• They have a large number of moons

• They are made mostly of gas.

• They have rocky surfaces and volcanoes

• They are the smallest in the solar system.

Multiple Choice

The outer planets are the largest in our solar system.

• True

• False

What are Temperature and Kinetic Energy?

• Kinetic energy is the energy of moving molecules.

• Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of these molecules.

• Faster molecules mean higher kinetic energy and a higher temperature.

Multiple Choice

What happens to the kinetic energy of particles when the temperature of an object increases?

• The kinetic energy of the particles increases.

• The particles lose all their kinetic energy.

• The kinetic energy of the particles stays the same.

• The kinetic energy of the particles decreases.

Key Vocabulary

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Thermal Energy

The total energy of all the moving particles that make up an object or a substance.

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Heat

The transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler one due to temperature differences.

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Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the moving particles that make up a substance.

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Conduction

The transfer of thermal energy between substances of different temperatures that are in direct physical contact.

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Convection

Heat transfer through the movement of fluids, where hotter, less dense material rises and cooler material sinks.

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Radiation

The heat transfer that can happen through empty space, like the Sun warming the Earth.

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Thermal Energy, Heat, and Temperature

• Thermal energy is the total energy of all moving particles in an object.

• More particles mean more thermal energy, even at the same temperature.

• Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer to a cooler object.

• Temperature measures the average energy of the particles in a substance.

Multiple Choice

What causes the movement of fluid in a convection current?

• Particles vibrating faster in a fixed position.

• Differences in density, where warmer, less dense fluid rises and cooler, denser fluid sinks.

• The transfer of energy through direct particle-to-particle contact.

• The entire fluid becoming the same density all at once.

Balanced vs. Unbalanced Forces

• Balanced forces are equal and opposite, so the net force is zero.

• Unbalanced forces are unequal, resulting in a net force greater than zero.

• A change in motion is always caused by an unbalanced force.

Multiple Choice

What is the primary difference between balanced and unbalanced forces?

• Balanced forces cause a change in motion; unbalanced forces do not.

• Only balanced forces are measured in Newtons.

• Unbalanced forces only apply to objects at rest.

• Unbalanced forces cause a change in motion; balanced forces do not.

Key Vocabulary

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Distance-Time Graph

A graph showing how far an object has moved over a specific period of time.

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Constant Speed

This is when an object covers the same distance in each equal time period.

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Stationary

An object that is not moving or is at rest, shown as a horizontal line.

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Gradient

The steepness of a line on a graph, which indicates the object's speed.

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Acceleration

The rate at which an object's speed increases, shown by an upward-curving line.

Multiple Choice

On a distance-time graph, what does a horizontal line signify about an object's motion?

• The object is moving at a constant speed.

• The object is accelerating.

• The object is stationary or not moving.

• The object is moving backwards.

Multiple Choice

A bus travels a total distance of 300 km over 5 hours on its route. Which statement correctly describes its average speed?

• The average speed is 60 km/h.

• The average velocity is 60 km/h.

• The average speed is 60 km/h east.

• The displacement is 300 km.

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The Speed Formulas

Multiple Choice

Find the speed of the following objects.

Which object is the fastest?

• A

• B

• C

Multiple Choice

What is the speed of the object for the trip?

• 20 mps

• 80 mps

• 24 mps

• 5 mps

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Concentration and Dilution

• Concentration is how much solute is dissolved in a solvent.

• A solution with a lot of solute is called concentrated.

• A solution with very little solute is called dilute.

• Adding more solvent makes a solution less concentrated, or diluted.

Multiple Choice

How can a solution be made less concentrated?

• By stirring the solution

• By adding more solute

• By removing some solvent

• By adding more solvent

Multiple Choice

If you have a very concentrated solution of salt water, what is the most effective way to dilute it?

• Add more salt.

• Add more water.

• Stir the solution faster.

• Heat the water.

Multiple Choice

Select the answer that is NOT a physical change.

• baking bread

• ripping paper

• painting a picture

• mixing coffee

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Counting with Parentheses

• A subscript outside parentheses affects all elements inside the group.

• Multiply each element's subscript inside by the subscript outside the parentheses.

• For example, in Al₂(SO₄)₃, there are 2 Al atoms.

• There are 3 S atoms (1 × 3) and 12 O atoms (4 × 3).

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Multiple Choice

Based on the rules for parentheses, how many Oxygen atoms are in the formula Mg(NO₃)₂?

• 6

• 3

• 2

• 5

What are elements?

● They are the simplest pure
substance that
cannot be
broken into
simpler
substances●

● Consist of only one type of atom

● Found on the periodic table

● Can be a single capital letter OR a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter which is called a chemical symbol

Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents an element?

• H₂O

• H₂

• NaCl

• CaCO₃

Multiple Choice

What elements are represented in this chemical formula? $$Fe_2O_3$$  

• Iron, Oxygen

• Francium, Europium, Oxygen

• Ferrium, Oxygen

• Berylium, Oxygen