Enlightenment Refresher

​Enlightenment Refresher

By Mr. Mos

Multiple Choice

Which development most directly challenged medieval Aristotelian views of the universe?

• The Council of Trent

• Newton's Principia Mathematica

• The heliocentric theory of Copernicus

• Rousseau's Social Contract

Multiple Choice

The scientific method emphasized by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes relied most heavily on

• faith and revelation

• deductive reasoning from classical texts

• empirical observation and rational inquiry

• church authority and tradition

Multiple Choice

Galileo's conflict with the Catholic Church best illustrates tensions between

• absolutism and constitutionalism

• scientific inquiry and religious authority

• mercantilism and free-market economics

• Enlightenment and Romanticism

Multiple Choice

Which Enlightenment thinker is best associated with the concept of natural rights?

• Thomas Hobbes

• John Locke

• Voltaire

• Montesquieu

Multiple Choice

John Locke argued that government legitimacy rests primarily on

• divine right

• military strength

• social contract and consent of the governed

• hereditary monarchy

Multiple Choice

Which Enlightenment thinker most strongly influenced the development of separation of powers?

• Rousseau

• Hobbes

• Montesquieu

• Diderot

Multiple Choice

The Encyclopedia edited by Denis Diderot sought to

• promote Catholic doctrine

• defend absolutist monarchy

• compile and spread Enlightenment knowledge

• reinforce mercantilist policies

Multiple Choice

Voltaire's writings most consistently emphasized

• popular sovereignty

• religious tolerance and freedom of expression

• economic equality

• direct democracy

Multiple Choice

Jean-Jacques Rousseau differed from other Enlightenment thinkers by arguing that

• reason should dominate emotion

• civilization corrupted natural human goodness

• absolute monarchy was the best form of government

• religion should dominate political life

Multiple Choice

Hobbes' Leviathan justified strong central authority primarily because

• humans are naturally cooperative

• monarchs are divinely appointed

• life without government would be chaotic

• Enlightenment ideals rejected all authority

Multiple Choice

Enlightenment salons were most important because they

• promoted state-sponsored religion

• allowed the exchange of new ideas among eltes

• trained bureaucrats for absolutist states

• replaced universities as scientific institutions

Multiple Choice

Which ruler is best described as an "enlightened despot"?

• Louis XIV

• Peter the Great

• Frederick the Great

• Charles I

Multiple Choice

Enlightened absolutists generally believed that

• popular elections should replace monarchy

• reason and reform strengthened royal authority

• the nobility should control government

• church leaders should guide policy

Multiple Choice

Which policy best reflects Enlightenment influence on government?

• Increased censorship of the press

• Expansion of serfdom

• Legal equality under the law

• Strengthening feudal privileges

Multiple Choice

Which Enlightenment idea most directly challenged absolutism?

• Mercantilism

• Divine right

• Popular sovereignty

• Religious uniformity

Multiple Choice

Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations argued that

• government regulation strengthens economies

• mercantilism best promotes national power

• free markets operate through self-interest

• guilds ensure economic efficiency

Multiple Choice

The concept of "laissez-faire" economics emphasized

• strict state control of trade

• agricultural self-sufficiency

• minimal government interference

• state-sponsored monopolies

Multiple Choice

Enlightenment economists criticized mercantilism primarily because it

• restricted free trade

• encouraged industrialization

• reduced colonial competition

• increased state power too slowly

Multiple Choice

Which Enlightenment thinker most strongly opposed religious intolerance?

• Locke

• Voltaire

• Rousseau

• Montesquieu

Multiple Choice

Deism differed from traditional Christianity because Deists believed that

• God actively intervened in daily life

• Revelation was superior to reason

• God created the universe but did not intervene

• The Church was essential for salvation