STARS AND GALAXIES

​STARS & GALAXIES

By Carlton Williams

PARALLAX

THE APPARANT CHANGE IN AN OBJECTS POSITION CAUSED BY LOOKING AT IT FROM TWO DIFFERENT POINTS

APPARNT MAGNITUDE

MEASURES HOW BRIGHT AN OBJECT APPEARS FROM EARTH. DISTANCE AFFECTS.
CLOSER=BRIGHTER

LUMINOSITY

THE TRUE BRIGHTNESS OF AN OBJECT

ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE

DEPENDS ON THE STAR'S TEMPERATURE AND SIZE, NOT ITS DISTANCE

LIGHT YEAR

THE DISTANCE LIGHT TRAVELS IN 1 YEAR..HOW DISTANCE IS MEASURED IN SPACE

CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS

​HOW STARS ARE CLASSIFIED

BRIGHTNESS

HOW BRIGHT A STAR IS

BRIGHTNESS SCALE

• SUN (-26)

• MOON (-12)

• VENUS (-4)

• SIRIUS (-1) THE BRIGHTEST STAR

COLOR & TEMPERATURE

1. RED (COLDEST)

2. ORANGE

3. YELLOW

4. YELLOW-WHITE

5. WHITE

6. BLUE-WHITE

7. BLUE (HOTTEST)

H-R DIAGRAM IS USED TO CLASSIFY STARS

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HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM

MAIN SEQUENCE STAR

1. A STAR THE FUSES HYDROGEN INTO HELIUM IN ITS CORE

2. 90% OF STARS

GIANT STAR

1. A STAR WITH A MUCH LARGER RADIUS & LUMINOSITY THEN A MAIN SEQUENCE STAR

2. 8 TIMES MORE BIGGER

SIZE

1. RED DWARF (SMALLEST)

   MASS DETERMINES THE TEMPERATURE & LUMINOSITY

2. HIGHER MASS=HOTTER & BRIGHTER & MORE ENERGY MADE

LIFE CYCLE OF STARS

​STARS FORM DEEP INSIDE A NEBULA

NEBULA- A CLOUD OF DUST AND GAS

PROSTAR

• A CLOUD OF GAS & DUST IN SPACE THAT DEVELOPS INTO A STAR

• CONTINUE TO CONTRACT, PULLING IN SURROUNDING GAS UNTIL THEIR CORES ARE HOT & DENSE TO FORM NUCLEAR FUSION

MAIN SEQUENCE STAR

• MOST STARS SPEND MOST OF THEIR LIVES IN THIS STAGE

• BEGINS WHEN STARS START TO FUSE HYDROGEN & HELIUM

GIANT OR SUPERGIANT STAR

• WHEN A STAR USES UP ALL THE HYDORGEN IN ITS CORE

• HIGH MASS STARS BURN HOTTER AND FASTER

• THE STAR COLLAPSES INWARD

• HYDROGEN FUSES WITH HELIUM AND THE STAR SWELLS

• TURNS INTO A RED GIANT, HEATING THE CORE TO FUSE HELIUM AND CARBON

END OF STAR

• PLANETARY NEBULA- AFTER HELIUM IN A STARS CORE IS GONE, IT CASTS OFF GAS

• SUPERNOVA- ENORMOUS EXPLOSION THAT DESTROYS A STAR

GALAXIES

GALAXY

A COLLECTION OF MILLIONS OF STARS, GAS, AND DUST.

LIGHT YEAR

HOW FAR LIGHT TRAVELS IN 1 YEAR

DARK MATTER

AN INVISIBLE FORM OF MATTER THAT DOES NOT EMIT (GIVE OFF) ANY DETECTABLE ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY OF ITS OWN

ELLIPTICAL GALAXY

A GALAXY THAT HAS A GENERALLY ELLIPTICAL SHAPE AND THAT HAS NO APPARENT INTERNAL STRUCTURE OR SPIRAL ARMS

​EGG SHAPED

​ELLIPTICAL GALAXY

​IRREGULAR GALAXY

NO IDENTIFIABLE SHAPE OR STRUCTURE

​NO SHAPE

​IRREGULAR GALAXY

​SPIRAL GALAXY

EXHIBITING A CENTRAL NUCLEUS FROM WHICH EXTENDED CURVED ARMS OF HIGHER LUMINOSITY

MILKY WAY (OUR) GALAXY

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​SPIRAL GALAXY

​MILKY WAY GALAXY

THE SUN AND THE 8 PLANETS THAT ORBIT THE SUN