When Little Albert generalized his fear of the white rat that meant

• he feared all furry things

• he distinguished between the bell and the gong

• he learned the association between the gong and the rat

• he suddenly feared rats after successful extinction

Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the meat powder is

• unconditioned stimulus

• unconditioned response

• conditioned stimulus

• conditioned response

Tyrone was dancing with his new girlfriend at a Maroon V tribute. When the song "My Heart's a Stereo" played, his girlfriend gave him a long passionate kiss, which he found enjoyable. Now he finds that every time he hears the song on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. In this example, the long, passionate kiss is

• unconditioned stimulus

• unconditioned response

• conditioned response

• conditioned stimulus

Mikayla wants to condition her dog to drool at the sound of the telephone, so she plans to pair the sound of the ringing telephone with a tasty dog treat. To use classical conditioning most effectively, Mikayla should present the tasty dog treat

• a few seconds before telephone starts to ring
• at the same time telephone starts to ring
• a half second  after the phone rings
• a few seconds after phone stops ringing

Mary woke up one night with a spider dangling in front of her face. She screamed, and from that point on she could not stand to be near spiders. Mary's fear of spiders is based on

• a response-outcome association
• classical conditioning
• observational learning
• operant conditioning

Carly used to feel nausea when going to McDonalds because she associated the food with illness. After a few good meals there, she no longer feels the nausea. Which principle?

• spontaneous recovery

• extinction

• second-order conditioning

• generalization

Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again. 

• extinction
• generalization
• spontaneous recovery
• observational learning

When Diana was three years old she became terrified when the neighbor's budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. Diana's fear illustrates

• stimulus generalization

• negative reinforcement

• extinction

• spontaneous recovery

If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence of

• spontaneous recovery

• conditioned emotional reactions

• generalization

• discrimination

Nicolas has autism and he was mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of chocolate for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of

• classical conditioning
• modeling
• shaping
• negative reinforcement