AP final part 2

Danny’s skill at hitting a baseball gradually improves as his attempts produce more frequent & longer-distance hits. This is an example of:

• Shaping
• Stimulus generalization
• Extinction
• Stimulus discrimination

Micah really enjoyed his mom’s homemade apple pie, and he would have a huge slice every time she baked it. When he went to visit a friend, he tried a piece of apple pie that his friend’s mom had made. Unfortunately, it was terrible. Now Micah will only eat his mom’s apple pie; if anyone else offers him a piece of pie he politely turns them down. Micah’s behavior toward apple pie illustrates the concept of:

• Stimulus discrimination
• Stimulus generalization
• Noncontingent reinforcement
• Observational learning

Assuming that the reinforcer is the sound of a rattle, Johnny’s shaking of the rattle is reinforced according to which of the following schedules?

• Continuous reinforcement
• Fixed-interval
• Variable-interval
• Variable-ratio

Negative reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.

• Increases; decreases
• Decreases; increases
• Decreases; decreases
• Increases; does not affect

The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be the one that was:

• Reinforced every time it occurred 
• Shaped
• Reinforced intermittently
• Reinforced by your parents

The newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their “watching” reinforced on:

• A fixed-ratio schedule
• A variable-ratio schedule
• A fixed-variable schedule
• A fixed-interval schedule

  When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler’s side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case:

• The dog treats were negative reinforcers for staying close
• Staying close was a positive reinforcer for receiving dog treats
• Staying close was a negative reinforcer for receiving dog treats
• The dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close

Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a:

• Negative reinforcer
• Positive reinforcer 
• Punisher
• Vicarious conditioner

Learning that takes place by watching another person is referred to as:

• Operant conditioning
• Noncontingent learning
• Observational learning
• Classical conditioning

______ is to operant conditioning as ______ is to classical conditioning.

• Skinner; Pavlov
• Bandura; Pavlov
• Pavlov; Skinner
• Pavlov; Thorndike