IB ESS Review

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

• When energy is transformed into work, some energy is always lost as waste heat
• The entropy of an isolated system increases
• Isolated systems have a tendency to progress towards increasing disorder
• All of the above

As global temperature rises, more methane is released from melting permafrost, resulting in increased global warming and increased methane release. This is an example of:

• Neutral Feedback
• Positive Feedback
• Exponential Feedback
• Negative Feedback

A human being is an example of:

• an open system
• a closed system
• a complex system
• an isolated system

Water vapor falling to the ground as rain is an example of a _________, and this water soaking through the soil and being absorbed by plants is an example of a ________.

• Transformation, Transformation
• Transfer, Transfer
• Transfer, Transformation
• Transformation, Transfer

For a system to have equilibrium, it can:

• be undisturbed and remain static
• have small fluctuations but remain more or less in a constant state
• adjust to disturbances to form a new equilibrium
• All of the above

Which of the following most likely lists abiotic factors that can be measured in a freshwater ecosystem?

• salinity, wave action, temperature
• turbidity, flow velocity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen
• light intensity, slope, soil moisture
• pH, drainage, slope

Which of the following is an example of interspecific competition?

• a species of birds competing with each other over territory
• a population of lions competing for food
• different species of squirrels competing for food in a certain area
• the males of a species of kangaroos that fight over female mates

Which type of pyramid represents the standing stock of each trophic level?

• pyramid of biomass
• pyramid of productivity
• pyramid of numbers
• none of the above

Which type of graph would represent an exponential rise in population over time?

• S Curve
• R Curve
• J Curve
• None of the Above

_____ is the buildup of substances (chemicals, toxins, etc.) in a single organism, while ______ is how the substance tends to increase in concentration as it move up the food chain

• mutualism, competition
• bioaccumulation, biomagnification
• competition, mutualism
• biomagnification, bioaccumulation