Cell Growth, Division, and Differentiation

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to continue to grow and divide in their non-specialized state for long periods of time.  Although the genes found within the stem cells are the same, stem cells differentiate into unique cell types (e.g., muscle cells, nerve cells, skin cells, etc.) due to 

• random segregation and proliferation
• meiotic division and fertilization
• mutations in their genetic code
• different patterns in their gene expression

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In multicellular organisms, the process of differentiation produces cells that are specialized to perform specific functions.  For example, one cell may become a muscle cell whose function is to shorten or lengthen to allow movement.  Another cell may become a nerve cell whose function is to relay signals in response to stimuli.
In what way is the DNA of a nerve cell different from the DNA of a muscle cell?

• The DNA is the same, but it contains different genes
• The DNA is different, but it contains the same genes
• The DNA is different, but the same genes are activated
• The DNA is the same, but different genes are activated

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Through what process do cells become specialized so they can perform specific functions within organisms?

• binary fission
• fertilization 
• mitosis
• differentiation 

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Which of the following statements about the cells of multicellular organisms is false?

• The same genes are expressed in each cell
• Different genes are expressed in different types of cells
• almost all of the cells have the exact same DNA
• All of these are true

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Cell division is an example of cellular ____, whereas cell differentiation is an example of cellular ____.

• development; reproduction
• growth; development
• respiration; reproduction
• development; respiration

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Mitosis is a form of 

• cell differentiation
• cell specialization
• cell division
• cell fertilization

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The cytoplasm and two nuclei that are formed during mitosis are separated into two identical daughter cells during ____.

• meiosis
• interphase
• prophase
• cytokinesis

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Cytokinesis is a process that occurs during the cell cycle.  During cytokinesis,

• the cell grows and performs normal life processes
• the chromosomes of the cell are duplicated
• the nuclear material of the cell is divided
• the cytoplasm is divided to form two separate cells

In which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

• telophase
• G1 phase of interpahse
• S phase of interphase
• anaphase

Which of the following occurs during the interphase stage of the cell cycle?
I.  DNA is replicated
II. The cell divides
III.  The cell grows in size

• I and III only
• I, II, and III
• II only
• I and II only