Ancient African kingdoms, such as Ghana and Mali, based their economic systems primarily on 

• oil exports
• agriculture and trade
• commercial fishing
• hunting and gathering

Which development was an important contribution of Muslim culture to civilization?

• equal distribution of land
• adoption of a polytheistic religon
• advances in sciences and mathematics 
• the principle of the separation of church and state

In the Middle East during the Golden Age of Muslim culture, scholars were encouraged to

• reject all knowledge that was Western in origin
• ignore the achievements of Chinese culture
• preserve and expand ancient Greek and Roman learning
• accept medieval western European religious ideas

An influence that spread from the Byzantine Empire to early Russia was the 

• Orthodox Christian religion
• use of the Latin alphabet
• beginning of democracy
• factory system

After the fall of Rome, the eastern portion of the Roman Empire became known as the 

• Persian Empire
• Byzantine Empire 
• Mongol Empire
• Gupta Empire

The Mongols played a significant role in Russian history by

• supporting Czar Nicholal II during the Russian Revolution
• supporting the rule of Ivan the Terrible
• ending the reign of Catherine the Great
• isolating Russia from western Europe during the early Renaissance

What was the effect of the extensive Mongol Empire on the people who lived in Europe and Asia in the 1200s?

• development of a common language
• adoption of Confucian ideas and practices
• expansion of Japanese cultural traditions
• significant increases in trade and travel

Constantinople became the center of the Byzantine Empire because

• the pope had made it the capital of the Christian world
• it was a religious center of Muslims
• its location made it the crossroads of Europe and Asia
• it was geographically isolated from surrounding empires

The rise of the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai can be attributed to

• their emphasis on nationalism
• the spread of Christianity
• the rise of European imperialism
• their locations near the trans-Sahara trade routes

Which groups of people were most closely associated with the spread of the Black Death?

• merchants and pilgrims
• bankers and explorers
• missionaries and slave traders
• soldiers and diplomats