Logical Fallacies

Drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size, rather than looking at statistics that are much more in line with the typical or average situation.

• Hasty Generalization
• No True Scotsman
• Equivocation
• Amphiboly

Tags

CCSS.L.11-12.6

CCSS.L.9-10.6

CCSS.W.11-12.2D

CCSS.W.9-10.2D

CCSS.W.8.2D

 A formal fallacy in a categorical syllogism where the middle term, or the term that does not appear in the conclusion, is not distributed to the other two terms.

• No True Scotsman
• Undistributed Middle Term
• False Cause
• Patriotic Approach

Tags

CCSS.RI.8.8

CCSS.RI.8.1

CCSS.RL.11-12.1

CCSS.RL.8.1

CCSS.RL.9-10.1

What fallacy is a personal attack?

• Ad hominem
• Begging the Question
• Circular Reasoning
• Incredulity

Tags

CCSS.RI.8.8

CCSS.RI.8.1

CCSS.RL.11-12.1

CCSS.RL.8.1

CCSS.RL.9-10.1

Using an authority as evidence in your argument when the authority is not really an authority on the facts relevant to the argument.  As the audience, allowing an irrelevant authority to add credibility to the claim being made.

• Appeal to the negative
• Ad hominem
• Appeal To authority
• Equivocation

Tags

CCSS.RI.8.8

CCSS.RI. 9-10.8

CCSS.RI.11-12.5

CCSS.RI.11-12.8

CCSS.RI.9-10.5

This is the general category of many fallacies that use emotion in place of reason in order to attempt to win the argument.  It is a type of manipulation used in place of valid logic.

• Contradictory Premises
• Genetic
• Straw man 
• Appeal to emotion

Tags

CCSS.RI. 9-10.8

CCSS.RI.11-12.5

CCSS.RI.11-12.8

CCSS.RI.9-10.5

CCSS.RI.8.5

When force, coercion, or even a threat of force is used in place of a reason in an attempt to justify a conclusion.

• Appeal to Force
• Appeal to Death
  Ad hominem
• Sunshine fallacy
• Circular Reasoning

Tags

CCSS.RI.8.8

CCSS.RI.8.1

CCSS.RL.11-12.1

CCSS.RL.8.1

CCSS.RL.9-10.1

Using historical preferences of the people , either in general or as specific as the historical preferences of a single individual, as evidence that the historical preference is correct. 

• False Cause
• Appeal to Tradition
• Amphiboly
• Red Herring

Tags

CCSS.RI.8.8

CCSS.RI.8.1

CCSS.RL.11-12.1

CCSS.RL.8.1

CCSS.RL.9-10.1

Any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises. 

• Appeal to Extremes
• Bandwagon
• Begging the Question
• Snob

Tags

CCSS.RI.8.8

CCSS.RI. 9-10.8

CCSS.RI.11-12.5

CCSS.RI.11-12.8

CCSS.RI.9-10.5

A type of reasoning in which the proposition is supported by the premises, which is supported by the proposition, creating a circle in reasoning where no useful information is being shared.  This fallacy is often quite humorous.

• Personal Charm
• No True Scotsman
• Circular Reasoning
• Begging the Question

Tags

CCSS.RI.8.8

CCSS.RI.8.1

CCSS.RL.11-12.1

CCSS.RL.8.1

CCSS.RL.9-10.1

Using an ambiguous term in more than one sense, thus making an argument misleading.

• Equivocation
• Middle term
• False Cause
• Ad Hominem

Tags

CCSS.RI.8.8

CCSS.RI.8.1

CCSS.RL.11-12.1

CCSS.RL.8.1

CCSS.RL.9-10.1