Cell Development Review

Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in common?  
I. Alternation of generations  
II. Meiosis  
III. Fertilization  
 IV. Gametes  
V. Spores

• I, IV, and V   
• I, II, and IV   
• II, III, and IV 
• II, IV, and V

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

• diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. 
• diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. 
• haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. 
• haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. 

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis?

• They have twice the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA. 
• They have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. 
• They have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. 
• They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. 

What could happen to the target cells in an animal that lack receptors for local regulators?

• They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an a factor. 
• They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead. 
• They could divide but never reach full size. 
• They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells. 

When a cell releases a signal molecule into the environment and a number of cells in the immediate vicinity respond, this type of signaling is

• typical of hormones. 
• autocrine signaling. 
• paracrine signaling. 
• endocrine signaling. 

Of the following, a receptor protein in a membrane that recognizes a chemical signal is most similar to

• the active site of an allosteric enzyme in the cytoplasm that binds to a specific substrate. 
• RNA specifying the amino acids in a polypeptide. 
• a particular metabolic pathway operating within a specific organelle. 
• an enzyme with an optimum pH and temperature for activity. 

Chiasmata are what we see under a microscope that let us know which of the following is occurring?

• Asexual reproduction   
• Meiosis II   
• Anaphase II   
• Crossing over   

Testosterone functions inside a cell by

• acting as a signal receptor that activates ion-channel proteins. 
• binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes. 
• acting as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion-channel proteins. 
• becoming a second messenger that inhibits adenylyl cyclase. 

Which of the following describes the events of apoptosis?

• The cell dies, it is lysed, its organelles are phagocytized, its contents are recycled. 
• Its DNA and organelles become fragmented, it dies, and it is phagocytized. 
• The cell dies and the presence of its fragmented contents stimulates nearby cells to divide. 
• Its DNA and organelles are fragmented, the cell shrinks and forms blebs, and the cell self-digests. 

Which term describes centromeres uncoupling, sister chromatids separating, and the two new chromosomes moving to opposite poles of the cell?

• telophase
• anaphase
• prometaphase
• metaphase