Make UP Quiz Text Structure

A tandem bicycle is a specially-designed
bike for two riders. The front rider is known as the “captain”. The captain has overall control of the bike. He or she steers the bike, shifts gears, and stops when necessary. The rear rider is known as the “stoker”. The stoker’s main responsibility is to pedal the bicycle. Riding a tandem bicycle requires good balance by both riders. Also, cooperation between the captain and the stoker is essential for a smooth tandem bicycle ride. 

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The common person might not know the difference between a road bike and a
mountain bike. After all, they both have pedals, handlebars, frames, and two wheels. However to an experienced biker, a road bike and a mountain bike are very different. A road bike has a lighter frame and narrower tires. These features allow the bike to travel much faster across smooth roads. A mountain bike has a heavier frame and wider tires with noticeably thick tread. These features are key for bikers who plan to ride on off-road trails with rocky terrain. 

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Our environment has weakened due to
the invention of the automobile. Vehicles emit toxic gases into the air we breathe. One solution to this alarming problem is to ride a bike whenever possible. A four mile bicycle trip will results in 15 fewer pounds of pollutants in our air. Riding a bike also reduces water pollution since bikes don’t use antifreeze, brake fluid, or transmission fluid. Riding a bike is an environmentally friendly thing to do! 

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The first metal two-wheeled machine
appeared in 1865. The pedal was attached
directly to the wheel, and it was made completely of wood. The first metal bicycle dates back to 1870, and was also the first pedaled machine referred to as a bicycle. It had a high front wheel. The first bicycle to have a chain was invented in 1879. This chained bike returned to the original design of having two wheels of the same size. A kid’s bike was introduced after World War I, and it featured automobile elements. By the 1960s, bicycles were becoming lighter and simpler. The ten-speed bike was popular in the 1970s. Today, bikes of all shapes and sizes are ridden every day. 

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Glaciers have drastic effects on land areas. As they slowly move over land, they gradually reshape the terrain below. Because the glacier is so heavy, the ice cuts away at the land surface, and then carries the broken rocks and soil to land far away from its original location. Glaciers can remove entire mountainsides, leaving valleys behind. They can also transport huge rocks to new locations. These rocks are called erratic boulders because they often seem out of place in their new surroundings. Glaciers affect the land in interesting ways. 

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Glacier National Park is located on a large area of land that crosses the border
between Montana and Canada. Sadly, many of the glaciers located in the park are rapidly dis-appearing. Scientists estimate that there were nearly 150 glaciers in the park in 1850. When the park was established in 1910, most of the glaciers were still present. However, just 100 years later, most of those glaciers had disappeared. In 2010, only 25 glaciers larger than 25 acres remain in Glacier National Park. Some computer models predict that the park’s largest glaciers will no longer exist by the year 2030. 

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Glaciers and avalanches are both made of frozen material. They can both occur in cold, mountainous areas. There are some major differences between glaciers and avalanches, however. Glaciers are large masses of ice and snow that move very slowly, while avalanches occur suddenly when a large mass of snow falls off a mountainside and tumbles to the ground. Glaciers can last for thousands of years, whereas avalanches occur and are over in a very short period of time. 

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Glaciers are large, thick masses of snow and ice. Unlike a normal sheet of ice, however, glaciers are able to move. They move very slowly over time, flowing like a slow river. Glaciers are often considered remnants from the last Ice Age. Glaciers can be found all over the world. They currently cover about 10% of the Earth’s surface. They are mainly located in the polar areas of Antarctica and Greenland. Some glacial ice can be found in mountainous areas, as well. 

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A tsunami is a series of gigantic waves.
The word “tsunami” is made up of two Japanese words: “tsu” (which means harbor) and “nami” (which means wave). When a tsunami forms far out at sea, it is often barely noticeable. When tsunami waves form near a shore, however, the results can be devastating for people and buildings near the shoreline. 

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There are four major events that can cause a tsunami. Most often, tsunamis are caused by earthquakes below or near the ocean. The most destructive tsunamis occur when there is a shallow focus earthquake where the ocean is less than 70 km deep. Other less-common events that can cause tsunamis include underwater landslides and violent volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis can also be caused by asteroids or meteors that crash into the ocean from outer space, but this is a rare occurrence. 

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