Bioenergetics

Cells obtain energy by either capturing light energy through photosynthesis or by breaking down carbohydrates through cellular respiration.  In both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, the energy is ultimately derived from the sun in a 

• highly efficient process which involves no loss of heat to the environment.
• one-way process.
• reversible process.
• pathway that involves taking in heat from the environment at each step.

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How do cells get energy to perform their necessary functions?

• Cells get energy by dissolving waste products of the body.
• Cells get energy by moving water from one organelle to another.
• Cells get energy by taking in nutrients from food.
• Cells get energy only by taking in oxygen from the atmosphere.

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What is the function of stomata in plants?

• to transport materials from the soil to the leaves
• to allow gas exchange between the environment and the inside of leaves
• to absorb light energy from the Sun
• to transport materials from the leaves to the soil

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Which of the following are reactants in the process of cellular respiration?

• glucose and oxygen
• carbon dioxide and water
• glucose and water
• carbon dioxide and oxygen

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Photosynthesis is carried out by which of the following?

• plants, but not animals
• bacteria, but neither animals nor plants
• animals, but not plants
• all living organisms

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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is primarily used as __________ in living organisms.

• a blood coagulant
• a reproductive enzyme
• a source of energy
• a muscle relaxing hormone

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Through the process of hydrolysis, cells remove phosphate groups from molecules of ATP to form molecules of ADP.  
This hydrolytic reaction results in 

• the breaking of high-energy bonds to produce free energy.
• the formation of low-energy bonds to store free energy.
• the breaking of low-energy bonds to produce free energy.
• the formation of high-energy bonds to store free energy.

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During cellular respiration, the bonds of food molecules are broken, so energy can be released to fuel other cellular processes.  In order for this to occur, which of the following statements must be true?

• The energy in the new compounds that are formed must be equal to the energy in the bonds of the food molecules.
• New compounds with lower-energy bonds must be formed when the high-energy bonds in food molecules are broken.
• The new compounds that are formed must be more complex than the food molecules that were broken down.
• New compounds with higher-energy bonds must be formed when the low-energy bonds in food molecules are broken.

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A plant cell is shown.
Cellular respiration occurs in the __________ .

• cell wall
• chloroplast
• mitochondrion
• vacuole

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During the process of photosynthesis, plants use energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.  These products are, in turn, used by the plant or animals that eat the plant during cellular respiration to produce ATP.
ATP molecules store cellular energy.  When phosphate groups are removed and molecules of ADP are formed, energy is released.  This energy can be used to perform

• cellular work.
• osmosis.
• electron transport.
• diffusion.

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