AP BIO CH 22

What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

• Earth is millions of years old, and populations are unchanging.
• Earth is millions of years old, and populations rapidly change.
• Earth is millions of years old, and populations gradually change.
• Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

• Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.
• Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.
• Only favorable adaptations have survival value.
• Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

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Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

• Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.
• Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals.
• The environment is responsible for natural selection.
• Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable future.

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If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement?

• If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.
• If an individual's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring.
• If an individual acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will be the result.
• A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete will, if perpetuated, produce a new species within just two generations.

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Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?

• bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish
• bones in the hind limb of a kangaroo
• bones in the flipper of a whale
• chitinous struts in the wing of a butterfly

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If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that

• their chromosomes should be very similar.
• they should be members of the same genus.
• they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.
• they shared a common ancestor relatively recently.

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Which of the following statements most detracts from the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ?

• In a million years, the human species might completely lack an appendix.
• The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue.
• The appendix can be surgically removed with no immediate ill effects.
• Individuals with a larger–than–average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below–average–sized appendix.

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It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that

• island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools.
• the island forms and mainland forms are converging.
• common environments are inhabited by the same organisms.
• island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.

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Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

• There is heritable variation among individuals.
• Species produce more offspring than the environment can support.
• Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.
• Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

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DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that

• convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities.
• humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
• humans and chimpanzees are not closely related.
• humans evolved from chimpanzees.

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