AP Chapter 23

If, on average, 46% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be

• 23%.
• 46%.
• 54%.
• There is not enough information to say.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-3

In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Which of the following is a recognized source of variation for evolution?

• rampant changes to the dictionary of the genetic code
• recombination by crossing over in meiosis
• mistakes in protein folding
• mistakes in translation of structural genes

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Rank the following one –base point mutations (from most likely to least likely) with respect to their likelihood of affecting the structure of the corresponding polypeptide:
1.   insertion mutation deep within an intron
2.   substitution mutation at the third position of an exonic codon
3.   substitution mutation at the second position of an exonic codon
4.   deletion mutation within the first exon of the gene

• 2, 3, 1, 4
• 2, 1, 4, 3
• 4, 3, 2, 1
• 3, 1, 4, 2

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NGSS.HS-LS1-1

NGSS.HS-LS3-2

In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the  2 in the term 2pq is necessary because

• the population is diploid.
• heterozygotes can come about in two ways.
• the population is doubling in number.
• heterozygotes have two alleles.

In the formula for determining a population’s genotype frequencies, the  pq in the term 2pq is necessary because

• the population is diploid.
• heterozygotes can come about in two ways.
• the population is doubling in number.
• heterozygotes have two alleles.

Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution as it is viewed today?

• It represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics.
• It is synonymous with the process of gene flow.
• It is the descent of humans from the present–day great apes.
• It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most–fit phenotypes.

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Which of the following is most likely to produce an African butterfly species in the wild whose members have one of two strikingly different color patterns?

• sexual selection
• stabilizing selection
• disruptive selection
• directional selection

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NGSS.HS-LS4-4

In seedcracker finches from Cameroon, small– and large–billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long–term climatic change resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type of selection would then operate on the finch population?

• disruptive selection
• directional selection
• stabilizing selection
• No selection would operate because the population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-2

NGSS.HS-LS4-4

No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is

• the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction.
• new mutations that occurred in the preceding generation.
• genetic drift due to the small size of the population.
• geographic variation within the population.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Sparrows with average–sized wings survive severe storms better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating

• disruptive selection.
• frequency–dependent selection.
• stabilizing selection.
• neutral variation.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-4