Chapter 11 Personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

• self-esteem.
• personality.
• reality principle.
• identification process.

The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to

• humanistic theories.
• psychodynamic theories.
• social-cognitive theories.
• trait theories.

According to Frued, the unconscious is 

• the part of personality that cannot process information.
• the mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
• a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.
• a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the _________ principle.

• self-transcendence
• collectivism
• identity
• pleasure

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement is the 

• reality principle.
• ego.
• id.
• superego.

Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive=areas of the body known as

• psychosexual stages.
• the Big Five.
• erogenous zones.
• Oedipus complexes

The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe

• the erogenous zones that are the focus of the latency stage.
• the passive dependence of someone who is orally fixated.
• children's efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority.
• boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother.

Gender identity refers to

• our biological sex.
• the sense of being male or female.
• the set of socially expected behaviors for males and females.
• internalized ideals for appropriate sexual behavior.

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from 

• anxiety.
• self-serving bias.
• self-transcendence.
• unconditional positive regard.

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people

• disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
• consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
• retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a more infantile stage of development.
• offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action.