26-28 AP

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

• lion
• domestic cat
• leopard
• wolf

The correct sequence, from the most to the least comprehensive, of the taxonomic levels listed here is

• Family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, genus
• Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
•  Phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, genus
• Phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, species

The common housefly belongs to all of the following taxa. Assuming you had access to textbooks, knowing which of the following should provide you with the most specific information about the common housefly?

• order
• family
• genus
• class

If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?

• D and F
• C and F
• A and C
• B and D

The best classification system is that which most closely

• Unites organisms that possess similar morphologies
• Corroborates the classification scheme in use at the time of Darwin
• Conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices
• Reflects evolutionary history

Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?

• Bat wing & human hand
• owl wing & hornet wing
• bat forelimb & bird wing
• porcupine quill & cactus spine

Generally, within a lineage, the largest number of shared derived characters should be found among two organisms that are members of the same

• order
• family
• domain
• kingdom

When using a cladistics approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification?

• Primitive characters
• analagous primitive characters
• shared derived characters
• number of homoplasies

The four-chambered heart of birds and the four-chambered hearts of mammals evolved independently of each other. If one were unaware of the independence, then one might logically conclude that

• The birds were the first to evolve a four-chambered heart
• Birds and mammals should be placed in the same family
• Early mammals possessed feathers
• The common ancestor of birds and mammals had a four-chambered heart

Cladograms (a type of phylogenetic tree) constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in

• mutations to homologous genes
• habitat and lifestyle choices
• biochemical pathways
• morphology