Lead4ward/ Industrialization

• Blasting tunnels through mountains
• Building bridges across rivers
• Leveling hills and filling in hollows 

These environmental modifications were made in order to construct —

• permanent housing for immigrants in urban areas
• canals that linked the Midwest to the Northeast
•  transcontinental railroad
•  harbor on the Mississippi River

• Worked in California goldfields
 • Helped build the western section of the Transcontinental Railroad
• Established distinct communities in California cities
• Faced intense nativism 
This list describes the nineteenth-century experiences of immigrants from —

• Italy
• China
• Germany
• Japan

Regional Economic Activity in the United States in the Early 1800s 
The Northeast   Produced manufactured  goods
 The Midwest   Supplied food resources
The South       Provided raw materials
What was one result of these regional differences?  

• Cities in the South emerged as centers for textile mills.  
• Immigrants settled in the Midwest to establish small farms.  
• Slavery increased in the Northeast as industrialization expanded.  
• Plantation systems in the South were replaced by large businesses.  

• B’nai B’rith, a Jewish service organization • Grimm Brothers’ fairy tales
• Kindergarten
• Meat curing and sausage making • Polka music
Which group was responsible for these contributions to American culture?

• Chinese Americans
• African Americans
• German Americans
• Italian Americans

During the early 1800s many young women in New England were employed outside their homes as —

• crew members on cargo ships
• cloth weavers in textile mills
• staff reporters for local newspapers
• legal counselors in state courts

How did Samuel Morse’s best-known innovation contribute to U.S. growth and development?

• It enabled instantaneous long-distance transmission of information.
• It allowed manufactured goods to be produced at lower costs.
• It boosted the speed of cross-country mail delivery.
• It increased national unity by reducing sectional differences.

What was one major effect of the Erie Canal on the United States in the early nineteenth century?

• The rapid growth of cities in the Northeast
• A rise in cotton exports to the United Kingdom
• An increase in the cost of shipping goods to Europe
• A decrease in trade between settlers and American Indians

What was one major effect of the opening of the Erie Canal?

• The cost of shipping goods on eastern roads increased.
• The number of ships passing through northern ports decreased.
• The cost of shipping goods from the Midwest decreased.
• The volume of trade passing through southern ports increased.

The growth of railroads during the nineteenth century affected U.S. businesses by — 

• discouraging Congress from instituting tariffs
• increasing the cost of raw materials
• decreasing the wages of unskilled workers
• opening new markets for goods

Major Nineteenth-Century Innovations 
Agriculture                          
 • Mechanical reapers      
  • Steel plows                    
• Combine harvesters      
   • Grain drills                                    
 Industry
 • Power looms
• Bessemer process  
• Steam engines•  
• Steam engines•     
These innovations in agriculture and industry resulted in —
             

• higher consumer costs
• decreased profits for investors
• less consumer choice
• more efficient production of goods