Learning

Psychologists define learning as the process of

• adapting to the environment.
• responding to external stimuli.
• reinforcing behavioral responses
• acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

We learn to link two stimuli and anticipate events through

• the law of effect.
• classical conditioning
• natural selection. 
• delayed reinforcers.

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

• conditioned response.
• unconditioned stimulus.
• conditioned stimulus. 
• unconditioned response.

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the occurrence of

• latent learning.
• a conditioned reinforcer.
• an unconditioned stimulus.
• operant behavior. 

Extinction occurs when an unconditioned stimulus (US) no longer follows a

• conditioned stimulus.
• positive reinforcer.
• operant behavior. 
• conditioned reinforcer. 

In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

• unconditioned stimulus. 
• primary reinforcer.
• conditioned stimulus.
• conditioned reinforcer.

Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

• shaping.
• discrimination.
• extrinsic motivation.
• spontaneous recovery.

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

• it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning.
• so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.
• it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning.
• all learning depends on reinforcement.

Classically conditioned habits are said to involve

• latent learning. 
• respondent behavior
• the law of effect
• shaping.

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n) 

• conditioned stimulus.
• unconditioned stimulus.
• reinforcement.
• operant behavior.