AP EURO PERIOD 1

What do Petrarch and Pico della Mirandola have in common?

• Italian humanists promoting a revival in classical themes
• Christian humanists who tried to reform the church
• Habsburg rulers who tried to restore Catholic unity
• Artists who employed naturalism and geometric perspective

Niccolo Machiavelli is representative of individuals who

• received financial support from the Church for their scholarship
• attempted to reform the church in the Italian Renaissance
• promoted secular models for individual and political behavior
• articulated new theories of inductive and deductive reasoning

Baldassare Castiglione's "The Book of the Courtier" was important because it

• provided a new definition of the "civilized" and "refined" man
• called for a new social system based on communal charity
• celebrated the great emperors of classical Rome
• advocated Neo-Platonism, emphasizing ideal forms

The painting, "The Harvesters" by Pieter Bruegel the Elder is indicative of artists who

• employed naturalism, emphasizing the reality of life
• employed distortion, drama, and illusion to depict nature
• sought to portray elites who commissioned their works
• promoted biblical themes and landscapes to strengthen religious belief

Describe the conditions of the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th-17th centuries:

• political localism and religious pluralism
• greater centralization of power and authority
• more republican state structure and growth of parliaments
• economic unity, domestic peace, and religious freedoms

Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, and Philip II are similar in that they

• initiated reforms to control religion from top down
• promoted Protestantism and fought the Hapsburgs
• experienced relative times of peace with neighboring states
• criticized Catholic abuses & established new doctrine

John Calvin and the Anabaptists

• refused to recognize the subordination of church to state
• agreed to allow rulers to appoint bishops and clergy
• supported the reforms of the Council of Trent
• reconciled with other religious sects to create unity

The Edict of Nantes and the Treaty of Westphalia were similar because they

• reaffirmed a measure of religious pluralism
• renounced Protestantism and promoted one Church over all
• strengthened two empires and upset the balance of power
• enhanced the power of parliaments and shared governance

By the mid-17th century, which of the following does NOT represent a change in state systems?

• new military technologies and professional armies
• heavier taxation and larger bureaucracies
• new instruments of diplomacy - ambassadors, advisors, etc.
• lessening of competition between monarchs and nobles

Which state allowed a large degree of religious pluralism?

• The Netherlands
• England
• France
• Spain