7th 5.18.17

 . . . reason, which is that law teaches all mankind, who would but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. Second Treatise on Civil Government by John Locke, 1689 Which concept of the Enlightenment would the above passage most likely support?

• A Truth can be discovered through reasoning and logic. 
• B Humankind can and should improve over time. 
• C People have a right to equality and freedom. 
• D What is natural is also reasonable. 

Germany, a European nation, has a legal system based on secular (nonreligious) law. Iran, a Middle Eastern country, has a legal system that mixes secular and religious laws.
Which statement compares the legal systems of Germany and Iran?

• Religion has a greater influence on Iran’s legal system than on Germany’s legal system.
• Religion has a greater influence on Germany’s legal system than on Iran’s legal system.
• C Both Germany’s and Iran’s legal systems are founded on religious principles. 
• Both Germany’s and Iran’s legal systems are founded on nonreligious principles.

Can we doubt (remembering that many more individuals are born than can possibly survive) that individuals having any advantage, however slight, over others, would have the best chance of surviving and of [reproducing] their kind? . . . This preservation of favourable variations and the rejection of injurious variations, I call Natural Selection. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, 1859
 Based on the excerpt, how might a social Darwinist explain societal divisions? 

• A The upper class willingly sacrifices its own well-being to help the lower class. 
• The upper and lower classes work together to ensure the success of both groups.
• The social classes are divided equally to ensure equal access to existing economic opportunities.
• The upper class better adapts and thrives within modern societies than the middle and lower classes.

The exportation of laborers and capital from old to new countries . . . adds to the joint wealth of the old and the new country . . . There needs be no hesitation in affirming that Colonization, in the present state of the world, is the best affair of business, in which the [wealth] of an old and wealthy country can engage. Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill, 1848
Based on the excerpt, what was Mill’s perception of colonialism?

• A Colonization expands the power of European churches. 
• B Colonization benefits both the colonizer and the colonized. 
• C Colonization introduces diseases to Europe that sicken entire populations. 
•  Colonization encourages European countries to create democratic governments. 

In the 16th Century, what was Europe’s Protestant Reformation was sparked by?

• A religious revolt led by Martin Luther.
• The invention of moveable type
• Reforms in the Catholic church
• Emperor Charles V Edict of Worms

How were the writers of the Renaissance influenced by the writers of ancient Greece?

• showed little interest in secular affairs
• stressed the power of human reason
• promoted the religious doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church
• produced a few scientific ideas
  

Which philosopher believed women should be treated as equals to men?

• Voltaire
• Wollstonecraft
• Montesquieu
• Locke

What was an immediate effect of the Reformation in Western Europe?

• A renewed domination of the Catholic Church over the German states.
• A greater tolerance of religions other than Christianity.
• The decrease in educational opportunities for the middle class.
• The decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church.
  

Prior to the French Revolution, what was the basis for the division amoug the Three Estates?

• Education level
• Geographic region
• Social class
• Religious beliefs
  

Most of South America speaks Spanish, but Brazil speaks Portuguese. Why?

• After a war Portugal won the rights to Brazil.
• Spanish explorers avoided Brazil because of its rainforest.
• The Maya defeated the Spanish in Brazil, but he Portuguese was able to defeat them.
• Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, giving Portugal access to claim Brazil.