ES-Aug 2014 Q41-50

Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the passage and diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The passage describes geologic studies of the Moon. The diagram represents the Moon’s surface and interior, showing the inferred depth of each layer below the Moon’s surface. 
Moon Studies
 Scientific instruments left on the Moon’s surface recorded 12,558 moonquakes in eight years. Most of these moonquakes originated between 700 km and 1200 km below the Moon’s surface. Scientists infer that most moonquakes are caused by the gravitational forces between the Moon, Earth, and the Sun.
The same type of evidence was used to find the inferred depths of both the Moon’s interior layers and Earth’s interior layers. What evidence was used to determine the inferred depth of the boundary between the Moon’s mantle and core?

• seismic data recorded on the Moon’s surface
• magnetic data measured on the Moon’s surface
• convection currents mapped in the Moon’s mantle and core
•  temperatures measured in the Moon’s mantle and core

Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the passage and diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The passage describes geologic studies of the Moon. The diagram represents the Moon’s surface and interior, showing the inferred depth of each layer below the Moon’s surface. 
Moon Studies
 Scientific instruments left on the Moon’s surface recorded 12,558 moonquakes in eight years. Most of these moonquakes originated between 700 km and 1200 km below the Moon’s surface. Scientists infer that most moonquakes are caused by the gravitational forces between the Moon, Earth, and the Sun.
What is the inferred thickness of the Moon’s mantle?

• 60 km
•  638 km
•  1040 km
• 1738 km

Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the passage and diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The passage describes geologic studies of the Moon. The diagram represents the Moon’s surface and interior, showing the inferred depth of each layer below the Moon’s surface. 
Moon Studies
 Scientific instruments left on the Moon’s surface recorded 12,558 moonquakes in eight years. Most of these moonquakes originated between 700 km and 1200 km below the Moon’s surface. Scientists infer that most moonquakes are caused by the gravitational forces between the Moon, Earth, and the Sun.
Which planet has an average density most similar to the average density of the Moon?

• Mercury
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Neptune

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the geologic cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents rock and sediment layers, labeled A through F. Each layer contains fossil remains, which formed in different depositional environments. Some layers contain index fossils. The layers have not been overturned.
Which pair of organisms existed when the unconsolidated sediment in layer A was deposited?

• birds and trilobites
•  dinosaurs and mastodonts
• ammonoids and grasses
• humans and vascular plants

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the geologic cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents rock and sediment layers, labeled A through F. Each layer contains fossil remains, which formed in different depositional environments. Some layers contain index fossils. The layers have not been overturned.
Which rock layer formed mainly from the compaction of plant remains?

• E
• B
• C
• F

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the geologic cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents rock and sediment layers, labeled A through F. Each layer contains fossil remains, which formed in different depositional environments. Some layers contain index fossils. The layers have not been overturned.
During which geologic epoch was layer F deposited?

•  Late Devonian
• Middle Devonian
• Early Devonian
• Late Silurian

Base your answers to questions 4 through 7 on the geologic cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents rock and sediment layers, labeled A through F. Each layer contains fossil remains, which formed in different depositional environments. Some layers contain index fossils. The layers have not been overturned.
The depositional environment during the time these layers and fossils were deposited

• was consistently marine
• was consistently terrestrial (land)
• changed from marine to terrestrial (land)
• changed from terrestrial (land) to marine

Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents setups of laboratory equipment, labeled A, B, C, and D. This equipment was used to test the infiltration rate and water retention of four different particle sizes. Each column was filled to the same level with uniform-sized dry, spherical particles. Water was poured into each column until the water level rose to the top of the particles. Then, the clamp was opened to allow the water to drain into the beaker beneath each column.
All of the particles in these four columns are classified as

• clay
• silt
• sand
• pebbles

Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents setups of laboratory equipment, labeled A, B, C, and D. This equipment was used to test the infiltration rate and water retention of four different particle sizes. Each column was filled to the same level with uniform-sized dry, spherical particles. Water was poured into each column until the water level rose to the top of the particles. Then, the clamp was opened to allow the water to drain into the beaker beneath each column.
9 Which graph best shows the rate of infiltration of water through the particles in these four columns?

• graph 1
• graph 2
• graph 3
• graph 4

Base your answers to questions 8 through 10 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents setups of laboratory equipment, labeled A, B, C, and D. This equipment was used to test the infiltration rate and water retention of four different particle sizes. Each column was filled to the same level with uniform-sized dry, spherical particles. Water was poured into each column until the water level rose to the top of the particles. Then, the clamp was opened to allow the water to drain into the beaker beneath each column.
Which column of particles retained the most water after the clamps were opened and the water was drained into the beakers?

• A
• B
• C
• D