Signal transduction

The three stages of cell signalling are

• paracrine, local, and synaptic
• reception, transduction, and response
• transcription, translation, and folding
• alpha, beta, and gamma

A signal molecule that binds to a receptor protein is a

• ligand

• second messenger

• protein kinase

• phosphorylase

What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?

• size
• polarity
• ability to cross the membrane
• all of these are correct

What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?

• G-protein receptor

• gated ion channel

Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.

• phosphate
• ATP molecule
• cAMP
• GTP

Adenylyl cyclase is used in a G-protein pathway to 

• cause ATP to form cAMP
• add a phosphate to a kinase
• remove a phosphate from a kinase
• attract a ligand

cAMP (and calcium) are examples of 

• secondary messengers

• hormones

• ligands

• enzymes

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS2-3

What type of transmembrane receptor is being shown?

• gated ion channel

• G-protein receptor

Consider this pathway: epinephrine --> receptor --> cAMP --> protein kinase --> transcription factors. 

Identify the secondary messenger.

• epinephrine
• G protein-coupled receptor
• adenylyl cyclase
• cAMP

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

• travelling of hormones through the air
• travelling of hormones through the blood
• the removal of a phosphate
• a series of molecules that get phosphorylated