Thermodynamics

There are two windmills near Brittany's town. Brittany wonders which one converts more wind energy into mechanical energy. What is the best way for Brittany to find out which windmill generates more mechanical energy?

• Measure the height of each windmill.
• Stand next to each windmill to feel where the wind is strongest.
• Find out which windmill was built more recently.
• Count how many times each windmill spins in one minute.

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NGSS.MS-ETS1-3

Megan and her brother are watching a television program. Megan notices that the television produces a lot of light. What else does the television produce?

• chemical energy
• heat energy
• particles of matter
• steam

When a person bends a glow stick, a small chamber inside it breaks, releasing a substance that reacts with other substances inside the glow stick. The reaction that takes place causes the glow stick to glow. What type of energy transformation is this?

• sound energy → light energy
• chemical energy → light energy
• thermal energy → light energy
• electrical energy → light energy

Samantha's hands are cold and she wants to warm them up by rubbing them together. Samantha is using friction to convert

• thermal energy to mechanical energy.
• electrical energy to frictional energy.
• mechanical energy to thermal energy.
• frictional energy to electrical energy.

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NGSS.MS-PS3-5

Which of the following situations does NOT adhere to the law of conservation of energy?

• A ball rolled up a hill has the same amount of total energy at the bottom of the hill as it does when it gets to the top of the hill.
• A book dropped from a person's hand has the same amount of potential energy in the person's hand as it does on the ground.
• A chemical is burned, and its energy is not lost but instead released into another form.
• A metal cord carrying electrical energy transforms that energy into heat energy.

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Which property allows for convection heating?

• cooler air has a higher density than warm air
• atoms are packed closely together in liquids
• electromagnetic waves radiate out from warm objects
• high-energy particles collide with low-energy particles in solids

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NGSS.MS-PS3-3

Which of the following describes what will happen when one lowers the kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter?

• The temperature will be higher.
• The temperature will be lower.
• The particles will move faster.
• Increased heat will flow away from the sample.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-4

Which of the following best describes conduction?

• Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy using waves through space or through a material medium.
• Conduction is when thermal energy is transferred by the motion of liquids or gases of varying densities.
• Conduction is the movement of thermal energy directly from one particle to another particle through contact.
• Conduction is the increase in thermal energy created by the restriction of the movement of energy particles.

Read the passage about Evan. 
 Evan has a black car, and it gets very hot inside the car on a hot summer day. Evan wants to cool his car down as quickly as possible so he can be cool on his drive home from school.
How could Evan position his air conditioner vents to best cool down his car?

• up because convection causes cold air to sink and hot air to rise
• up because conduction causes cold air to sink and hot air to rise
• down because convection causes cold air to rise and hot air to sink
• down because conduction causes cold air to rise and hot air to sink

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NGSS.MS-PS1-4

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When baking a cake, why are cake pans made out of metal?

• Metal conducts heat very well.
• Metal makes the cake taste better.
• Another material would melt in the oven.
• Another material would be too heavy to use.

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