protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane

specific type of membrane-receptor protein

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

a series of molecules that get phosphorylated

travelling of hormones through the air

travelling of hormones through the blood

Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline or adrenalin) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. The model for the action of Epinephrine is shown below. Which of the following would likely NOT be observed in a person injected with epinephrine?

Decreased production of cAMP in liver cells

Inactivation of glycogen synthase

G proteins are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals originating from outside a cell into the inside of the cell. G proteins function as molecular switches. Which of the following best describes the role in which the G protein is most intimately involved in the process shown above?

Production of the ligand molecule.

Production of response to signal.

A G protein is active when (Chapter 11)

It is phosphorylated by a protein kinase

It is bound by its ligand and transported to the nucleus

G proteins are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals originating from outside a cell into the inside of the cell. G proteins function as molecular switches. Investigations into the causes behind symptoms in Alzheimer’s patients have led to the hypothesis that the disease may be caused by excessive activity of IP3 second messengers in brain cells. When comparing cell samples of Alzheimer’s patients to those taken from the control group, which of the following pieces of evidence would support this hypothesis?

A higher concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol of the Alzheimer cell samples.

A lower number of receptor proteins in the Alzheimer cell samples.

A greater volume of endoplasmic reticulum membrane in the control group cell samples.

A lower number of activated proteins in the cytosol of the Alzheimer cell samples

The data shown was collected in an experiment designed to test the hypothesis that a second messenger mediates between receptor activation at the plasma membrane and enzyme activation in the cytoplasm. Liver tissue was homogenated and used to make three test solutions; a whole homogenate, a fraction containing plasma membrane and a fraction containing cytoplasm but no plasma membrane. Which of the following would be a reasonable conclusion based on the data collected?

A soluble second messenger, produced by hormone-actived membranes is present in the solution and activates enzymes in the cytoplasm

All cells in an organism respond to the presence of epinephrine via second messengers present in the homogenate

Epinephrine is a hormone found bound in the membrane of cells and requires a ligand to stimulate its transduction

An epineprine signal transduction pathway works more efficiently at warmer temperatures

According to the diagram, if the levels of thyroxine increases, then

the level of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) will also increase

the Temperature will continue to increase

the amount of thyroxine will increase

What is being depicted in the image?

Amplification of the signal molecule

Enzymatic proteins inhibiting process of the signal transduction pathway

Kinase groups adding dimer groups to other enzymes

Diffusion of molecules within the cell due to the signaling molecule

Some signaling molecules can enter the cell by passing through the membrane. What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?

the non-polar nature of the steroid means that it can pass through the membrane

the polar nature of the steroid means it can pass through

the large size means it can move through the membrane

when a cell fails to make a receptor, the ligand can then pass through the membrane

Which of the following correctly describes the reception stage of this signal transduction pathway?

epinephrine binds to a g-protein coupled receptor protein present in the cell membrane

the g protein changes shape, is activated, activates adenyl cyclase, which activates cAMP, which activates protein kinases

protein kinases phosphoylate molecules

glycogen synthesis is inhibited and glycogen breakdown is promoted

Which of the following correctly describes the response stage of this signal transduction pathway?

glycogen synthesis is inhibited and glycogen breakdown is promoted

epinephrine binds to a g-protein coupled receptor protein present in the cell membrane

the g protein changes shape, is activated, activates adenyl cyclase, which activates cAMP, which activates protein kinases

cAMP binds to the g-protein coupled receptor protein

Where are receptors located for steroid hormones?

in the extracellular environment

Which signaling molecules can cross the cell membrane on their own and do not need to bind to receptor proteins?

steroid hormones (nonpolar lipids)

protein hormones (large and polar)

A tyrosine kinase receptor is being activated. What would be an accurate description of the process

each phosphorylated tyrosine can activate a separate signaling pathway

all 6 tyrosines need to be phosphorylated in order to signal one pathway

the entire complex shown on the right would then move into the cell

the activated complex changes the ligand so that it can diffuse through the membrane

Many new treatments for diseases are being created using antibodies, such as cancer, lupus, Crohns, and rheumatoid arthritis. Many of them work by attaching to a molecule causing inflammation and blocking its action. Which of the following characteristics of antibodies allows researchers to use antibodies so successfully?

Antibodies are specific to their target

Millions of antibodies are made

Antibodies last for a long time.

A researcher is studying a toxin produced by an animals and notices that the toxin blocks the calcium channels in the synapse of the prey animal. What would be the effect of blocking the Calcium channel?

blocking the calcium channel blocks the synaptic vesicles from fusing with the membrane

blocking the calcium channel means that the toxin competitively inhibits the neurotransmitter binding to the recepter on the pos-synaptic membrane

blocking the calcium channel means the toxin attaches to the neurotransmitter

the action potential is blocked in the presynaptic neuron

What is the role of protein kinases?

add phosphate groups and energy to activate enzymes

remove phosphate groups to deactivate enzymes

Which of these may be assessed by various proteins during a "checkpoint"? CHECK ALL THAT APPLY

Ensure that DNA has been replicated properly

Ensure that spindle fibers have attached to all centromeres before cell division

Ensure that all chromosomes have lined up in the center of the cell before sister chromatids separate

The normal function of a tumor suppressor gene is

to code for proteins that inhibit, or slow, cell division

to cause the cell to move faster through the cell cycle

to attack cancer cells in the body

Cell signaling and endocrine system

Quiz

•

Biology

•

10th - 12th Grade

•

Practice Problem

•

Medium

•

NGSS

HS-LS1-3, HS-LS1-4

Standards-aligned

Amy Degenford

Used 164+ times

FREE Resource

57 questions

Show all answers

1.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

When levels go above or below a set point a hormone is released to return the body to set point. When the body is restored to set point no more hormone is released. This is an example of...

a positive feedback loop

a negative feedback loop

a neutral feedback loop

The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are

reception, transduction, response

response, transduction, reception

reception, response, transduction

transduction, reception, response

3.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.

phosphate

ATP molecule

cAMP

GTP

4.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following is an example of a second messenger?

cAMP

GTP

insulin

epinephrine

5.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

an enzyme phosphorylation cascade

binding of multiple signals

branching pathways

action of adenylyl cyclase

6.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What do second messengers do?

transport a signal through the lipid bilayer

relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell

relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm

dampen the message

7.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

When epinephrine binds to cardiac (heart) muscle cells, it speeds their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine, it inhibits their contraction. Which of the following best accounts for the fact that the same hormone can have different effects on muscle cells?

Cardiac cells have more receptors for epinephrine than do intestinal cells

Epinephrine circulates to the heart first and thus is in higher concentration around cardiac cells

The two types of muscle cells have different signal transduction pathways for epinephrine and thus have different cellular responses

Cardiac muscle is stronger than intestinal muscle and thus has a stronger response to epinephrine

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Cell signaling and endocrine system

57 questions

When levels go above or below a set point a hormone is released to return the body to set point. When the body is restored to set point no more hormone is released. This is an example of...

The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are

Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.

Which of the following is an example of a second messenger?

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

What do second messengers do?

When epinephrine binds to cardiac (heart) muscle cells, it speeds their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine, it inhibits their contraction. Which of the following best accounts for the fact that the same hormone can have different effects on muscle cells?

Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways:
I. Response
II. Amplification
III. Reception
IV. Transduction
Which represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?

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Cell signaling and endocrine system

57 questions

When levels go above or below a set point a hormone is released to return the body to set point. When the body is restored to set point no more hormone is released. This is an example of...

The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are

Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.

Which of the following is an example of a second messenger?

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

What do second messengers do?

When epinephrine binds to cardiac (heart) muscle cells, it speeds their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine, it inhibits their contraction. Which of the following best accounts for the fact that the same hormone can have different effects on muscle cells?

Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways: I. Response II. Amplification III. Reception IV. Transduction Which represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?

Create a free account and access millions of resources

Similar Resources on Wayground

Popular Resources on Wayground

Discover more resources for Biology

Each of the following numbered processes are involved in signal transduction pathways:
I. Response
II. Amplification
III. Reception
IV. Transduction
Which represents the sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway?