Cognition

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon?

• Intuition insight

• Confirmation bias

• Belief perserverance

• Availability heurisitic

______ is an example of a concept that best exemplifies the characteristics of that concept.

• prototype

• concept

• syntax

• thinking

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype.

• availability heuristics

• representative heuristics

• base rate heuristics

• functional fixedness

The way an issue is presented may alter perception.

• belief bias

• framing

• mood congruent memory

• mental set

You hear that one of the Smith children is an outstanding Little League player and you immediately conclude that it’s their son rather than any of their four daughters. You reached your quite possibly erroneous conclusion as the result of:

• The confirmation bias

• The availability heuristic

• The representativeness heuristic

• The base rate heuristic

Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by

• Functional fixedness

• The overconfidence phenomenon

• A mental set

• Her lack of a prototype for the solution

Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:

• Confirmation bias

• The availability heuristic

• The representativeness heuristic

• Functional fixedness

With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:

• The framing effect
• Confirmation bias
• Mental set
• Overconfidence

On her way to London, Janet was invited into the cockpit to meet the pilot, Alex. Sh was surprised to see that Alex was a woman. This is an example of:

• Confirmation bias

• Convergent thinking

• Insight

• Representative heuristic

Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates: 

• functional fixedness.
• the availability heuristic.
• belief perseverance.
• the representativeness heuristic.