Crusades Review

(1) Which were problems that plagued the church in the late middle ages?

• 1- priest were getting married and starting families against church rules 2- Bishops were selling church positions (simony) 3- Kings were using lay investiture against the church's wishes

• 1- Priests were not providing services to nobles, such as the sacraments 2- Bishops were not collecting tithes from their poorer parishioners, 3- Pope's were giving land to nobles weakening the power of European rulers

(2) What was the Curia? What was its purpose?

• A group of advisers who supported the pope, they developed Canon Law and held court to decide cases brought to the church.

• a group of nobles who advised a European King, they helped raise armies and train Knights

• an Iberian tribe of pagans who refused to accept Christianity, they wanted to remain separate from the Christian Church, but were all burned at the stake for heresy during the Inquisition

(3) What were the Crusades? How were Alexius Comnenus and Pope Urban II responsible for causing the First Crusade?

• A series of holy wars fought over control of the "Holy Land." Alexius wrote a letter begging Christian Leaders of Europe to help him fight his enemies (Muslim Turks). Pope Urban called for Christians to help Alexius and promised them forgiveness and salvation if they took up arms against the Turks.

• A series of holy wars fought over control of the Middle East Alexius begged the Pope for help against Muslim Turks who had invaded his lands- The Pope paid ordered Christian Knights to go to teh Holy Land and negotiate peace with the Muslims- the Muslims refused and attacked the Christians.

(4a) Describe the First Crusade. Who won? What was the result?

• The Christians defeated the Muslim Turks and captured a narrow strip of land in Palestine and Syria, including the Holy city of Jerusalem- 4 small Crusader states were formed under the rulership of Christian Lords

• the Crusaders were defeated soundly by the Turks in Syria- Christians were humiliated and vowed revenge which led to the 2nd Crusade

• The Christians helped the Byzantine Emperor recapture much of his lost territory defeating the Muslims in a series of battles. The Byzantine emperor made peace with the Muslims and sent the crusaders home, fearing they would claim the recaptured territory for themselves

(4b) Describe the Second Crusade. Who won? What was the result?

• The muslims recaptured the Northern-most crusader state of Edessa- Crusaders organized another army to recapture it but were defeated soundly by the Turks- The Turks consolidated their power while the Crusader states weakened

• the Crusaders were defeated soundly by the Turks in Syria- Christians were humiliated and vowed revenge which led to the 3rd Crusade

• The Christians helped the Byzantine Emperor recapture much of his lost territory defeating the Muslims in a series of battles. The Byzantine emperor made peace with the Muslims and sent the crusaders home, fearing they would claim the recaptured territory for themselves

(4c) Describe the Third Crusade. Who won? What was the result?

• The muslims recaptured the Northern-most crusader state of Edessa- Crusaders organized another army to recapture it but were defeated soundly by the Turks- The Turks consolidated their power while the Crusader states weakened

• The Muslim General Saladin defeated the Crusaders recapturing Jerusalem- A new Crusader army under King Richard of England defeated Saladin-recapturing part of the territory Saladin had won (but not Jerusalem). Richard and Saladin agree to a treaty allowing Christians to come to visit Jerusalem as pilgrims

• The Christians helped the Byzantine Emperor recapture much of his lost territory defeating the Muslims in a series of battles. The Byzantine emperor made peace with the Muslims and sent the crusaders home, fearing they would claim the recaptured territory for themselves

(4d) Describe the Fourth Crusade. Who won? What was the result?

• Christian Knights are convinced to attack Constantinople instead of the Turks in Egypt and the Holy Land- They sack and plunder the city- creating a new Latin dynasty of emperors- THe Byzantine empire is severely weakened

• The Muslim General Saladin defeated the Crusaders recapturing Jerusalem- A new Crusader army under King Richard of England defeated Saladin-recapturing part of the territory Saladin had won (but not Jerusalem). Richard and Saladin agree to a treaty allowing Christians to come to visit Jerusalem as pilgrims

• The Christians helped the Byzantine Emperor recapture much of his lost territory defeating the Muslims in a series of battles. The Byzantine emperor made peace with the Muslims and sent the crusaders home, fearing they would claim the recaptured territory for themselves

Describe the 2 Children's Crusades. Who led them? What was the result?

• Crusades began by young peasants who were only children, many orphans, who made an attempt to travel to the Holy land to fight-Both were unsuccessful and thousands of children died of starvation or frostbite, or were captured and sold into slavery- Stephen of Cloyes led the Children's crusade that started in France- Nicholas of Cologne led the group from Germany

• Crusades began by young peasants who were only children, many orphans, who traveled to the Holy land to fight-Stephen of Cloyes led the Children's crusade that started in France- Nicholas of Cologne led the group from Germany- Stephen's Crusade was lost when his ships were lost at sea-Nicholas's Crusade ended when the Turks refused to fight children and sent them back to the Pope in Rome

(6) Describe the Spanish Crusade? Who were its leaders? What was the result?

• It was also called the Reconquista- it was led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella whose armies defeated the Muslims in Spain and returned all of Spain to Christian rule.

• It was a Crusade to recapture the Holy Land by the Spanish King Ferdinand- His armies won several Battles before being bested by Saladin near Jerusalem- He and Saladin made a Peace Treaty ending the Spanish Crusade.

• it was a crusade fought by Spanish Christian agains the pagan Native American in the New World- Spanish Armies defeated teh Aztecs and the Incas creating a large overseas empire in North and South America

(7) What were 3 effects of the Crusades?

• 1- trade expanded between Europe and SW Asia 2- the Pope's authority was weakened by losses 3- the power of European nobles were weakened why Kings grew stronger

• 1- trade between Europe and SW Asia suffered 2- the Pope's authority was increased by crusader victories 3- the power of European nobles were strengthened why Kings grew weaker