Honors Genetic Mutations

The diagrams represent portions of two genes that code for leaf structure in the same species of clover. Gene 1 was taken from the cells of a clover plant with 3 leaves and gene 2 was taken from the cells of a clover plant with 4 leaves. The clover plant having gene 2 (4 leaves) was most likely the result of

• insertion

• deletion

• substitution

• normal replication

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It is recommended that people avoid excessive use of tanning beds. Exposure to the radiation emitted by tanning beds can cause skin cancer. This cancer is the direct result of a

• change in a fat molecule change in a starch molecule

• mutation in the genetic material

• mutation in a protein

• change in a fat molecule

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Which cellular change in an organism could be inherited by the next generation?

• a change in the ribosomes in the pancreas of a squirrel

• the deletion of a single DNA base in a sperm cell of a trout

• a decrease in the size of a vacuole in a rose leaf cell

• the transfer of a piece of a chromosome in the skin cell of a raccoon

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Mutations cause many disorders in humans. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder that can be passed on from generation to generation. Skin cancer is a disorder that sometimes originates in skin cells as a result of overexposure to the Sun. Which statement best explains the formation of the mutations that cause both cystic fibrosis and skin cancer?

• These mutations are a direct result of a change in the amino acid molecule that controls the formation of genetic codes in gametes.

• These mutations are caused by a change in the sugars that make up the genetic codes in all cells.

• Both of these mutations involve a change in the makeup of genes.

• Both of these mutations are a result of the incorrect synthesis of the proteins that make up DNA.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

A strand of DNA in a skin cell contains the bases:

A-T-G-C-C-A-T-C-G-G-T-A

After the cell is exposed to ultraviolet light, the strand contains the bases:

A-T-G-G-C-C-A-T-C-G-G-T-A

• There have been no changes in the bases.

• One base has been substituted for another.

• A base has been deleted

• A new base has been inserted.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Sometimes, a person is born with one or more extra chromosomes in each cell. This usually results in abnormalities because the affected person has

• a reduced number of genes in cell nuclei

• fewer cell mutations than a person with a normal chromosome number

• more genes in each cell than a person with a normal chromosome number

• less DNA in cell nuclei, but more proteins in cell mitochondria

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

A DNA segment removed from neurospora (a pink mold) contained the base sequence G-T-C-C-A-T-G-C-A. A similar segment of DNA removed from neurospora that had been exposed to radiation for several hours had the base sequence G-T-C-C-A-T. This change in the base sequence is an example of

• a deletion

• an insertion

• a substitution

• a replication

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

mutation occurring in a human can be passed from parent to offspring when it occurs in a

• lung cell, due to exposure to a toxic gas

• gamete formed in the ovary

• body cell undergoing mitosis

• heart cell with chromosome damage

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A man is exposed to large amounts of ultraviolet radiation while sunbathing at the beach. This exposure causes a genetic change in the DNA of a skin cell. In the future, this change can be passed on to

• his male and female children

• his male children, only

• all cells in his body

• his skin cells, only

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A cell begins to produce a new type of protein. This is most likely due to an alteration of the

• structure of the cell membrane

• sequence of bases in a section of a chromosome

• chemical makeup of the cytoplasm

• shape of the antibodies produced by the nucleus

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